Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Solar radiation enter the blanket due to shortwave nature but unable to escape trough the blanket due to long water nature after reflecting through the surface of earth. However, as the concentration of the green house gases in the atmosphere increased due to the immense usage of fossil fuel resources, the part of the solar radiation that makes a safe escape to the space is unable to escape to the space. Thus, the temperature of the planet is increasing continuously. The phenomenon is often termed as global warming. It is estimated that estimated that between 1906 and 2005, the average temperature of the earth’s surface rose by about 0.74 °C (Hoyt & Schatten, 1993). Global warming was a term that was first used in 1975 by an American scientist â€Å"Wallace Smith Broecker† who discovered the climate of the earth is warming consistently due to various human caused problems. He published a paper in a magazine that he named â€Å"Are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming?† where he first coined the term. In 1979, the term is used to depict the physical phenomenon that is heating up the planet. The article was published by National academy of Science and titles it as, â€Å"The Charney Report† (Yukozimo, 2014). Ozone Layer is a region of dense gases is the stratosphere of the earth that is capable of blocking most of the harmful solar Ultra violet radiations. Ozone layer has higher concentration of ozone as compared to the earth’s surface. More than 90% of ozone is present in the stratosphere of earth. Other atmospheric gases are also there in the earth’s stratosphere. Due to the increasing concentration of the refrigerants, solvents and propellants in the atmosphere, the ozone layer is under depletion with the rate of 4% per decade. Man made chemicals like halocarbons, CFCs, HCFCs, freons,  halons are influencing the ozone depletion. The depletion of the ozone layer is promoting the global

Expansion of an Irish College IBAT into Mexico Essay

Expansion of an Irish College IBAT into Mexico - Essay Example Strategic and operational management are linked with each other. Strategic management aims to provide direction, guidance and boundaries of operational management (Steiner, 1997, p.4). Therefore Strategic planning is the process of developing and maintaining a strategic fit in between the organizations capabilities and goals along with the changing marketing opportunities (Kotler, 2008, p.34). The project report is about the expansion of an Irish Collage ‘IBAT’ in Mexico. Thus for this reason PESTEL analysis is carried out to understand the macro environment of Mexico, along with an analysis is conducted upon the education sector of Mexico. When a brand move into a new place it has to face cultural difference which needs to be tackle properly and for which human resource team needs to work effectively so that the business and the employees can adapt to the new culture and environment. Thus IBAT can take the opportunity of the growing education sector of Mexico and add to its advantage. Macro Environment The Macro environment consists of framework, PESTEL. The PESTEL framework aims to categories the environmental influences into six main types which include political, economical factors, social, technological factors, environmental and legal factors. It is essential for mangers to understand the key drivers of change and also the impact of these factors on market, industries and also on individual organization (Johnson, 2008, p.65). Political factors: The basis of Mexican politics lies in the context of modernizing the elements. With the above context certain ongoing trends have appeared in the recent years such as modernization of politics and anchoring of democracy. Regional politics is widely dominated by the local entrenched strongmen who often tend to represent families who have been powerful during the colonial times (Klepak, 2008, p.3). But the country faces some political risk which is based on many possibilities. The first and foremost risk arises from terrorism and drug violence, corruption, congressional Stalemate and Guerrilla activity and sabotage. Therefore, the above factors may put an immense risk on the political condition of Mexico (Schtulmann, 2010). Economical factors: Mexico is ranked as an upper middle income country by the World Bank. In Mexico poverty is widespread, about 44% of the Mexican population lives below the poverty line. The economy of Mexico grew by 5% in 2010 after a recession experienced by the Mexican in 2009 during the phase of global economic crisis. The country’s tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was about 17.5% during the recession which was recorded the lowest among the OECD members. Mexico is among the popular tourist destinations across the globe. It has attracted about 21.3 million tourists in 2010 and has become the tenth most popular tourist destination. Thus tourism has contributed to the economy of the country and has recorded about $11.8billion (US State Department, 20 11). Social Factors: Mexico is one of the most populous Spanish countries in the world. About 76% of the Mexican people live in the urban area. The population of Mexico City is about 22million making it one of the largest concentration of population in Western Hemisphere. Mexico has been able to made significant changes in education sector and the literacy rates over the past few decade have decreased drastically. According to a report of World Bank, enrollment at the primary level is universal and more amounts of children are completing their primary education. Technological Factors: The future of Mexican population depends largely on the utilization of knowledge so that the country is able to meet the economic,

The application of systems theory

The application of systems theory The Application Of Systems Theory To a Case Study Introduction The following case study will detail an intervention with a 32-year old service user who was referred with a range of presenting issues and needs. It was apparent that a complex array of family, social and agency networks existed, indicating that the focus of any intervention would necessitate the addressing of these various components and their role in the service user’s functioning. It was decided that employing systems theory would be the most efficacious approach in managing the service user’s needs. General systems theory was first proposed by von Bertalanffy (1968) as a universal theory of the organisation of parts into wholes. A system was defined as â€Å"a complex of interacting elements†. Although this paradigm was initially applied to the physical world (mathematics, biochemistry, etc), it was adopted by the therapeutic community in order to formulate an understanding of systems comprising individuals and organisations. Some of the ideas and concepts systems theory has brought to the field include: Families and other social groups are systems having properties which are more than the sum of the properties of their parts. Every system has a boundary, the properties of which are important in understanding how the system works. Changes within systems can occur, or be stimulated, in various ways. Communication and feedback mechanisms between the parts of a system are important in the functioning of the system. Events such as the behaviour of individuals in a family are better understood as examples of circular causality, rather than as being based on linear causality. Systems are made up of subsystems (e.g. parental, marital, siblings) which are themselves parts of larger suprasystems (e.g. extended family, the neighbourhood, hospital). (Beckett, 1973). The service user was a 32-year old male of Afro-Caribbean origins, with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder dating back to his early teens. He had been residing in a semi-secure forensic unit for more than two years and was detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. In terms of family history, he had been conceived through rape and fostered by distant relatives in Trinidad. Upon the death of his foster mother, his natural mother arranged for him to leave Trinidad and enter the UK. Shortly after this, he became involved with the mental health system and the criminal justice system. Subsequently, his mother had refused all contact with him and would not engage with any of his care. The sole family contact had been his maternal grandmother. A genogram is a useful adjunct within assessment and treatment when utilising systems theory (e.g. Guerin and Pendagast, 1976), in that it gives a concise graphic summary of the composition of the systems surrounding an individual. A genogram depicting DE’s particular systems was prepared and is illustrated in Figure 1. Within the genogram, DE’s familial relationships are illustrated, showing the existing subsystem with his maternal grandmother. Other subsystems include, DE’s relationships with the criminal justice system, mental health services and with myself, his social worker. With regard to using systems theory in my assessment and intervention of DE, this would encompass developing a hypothesis concerning the nature of the relationships DE has with aspects of his system and how this impacts upon his functioning. In addition, circular questioning would be employed to test this hypothesis and promote change (e.g. Selvini Palazzoli, Cechin, Prata and Boscolo, 1980a). Each of DE’s presenting needs will be explored within the context of his wider system and the methodology inherent to systems theory employed in my intervention. Figure 1: A genogram of DE’s case. The Referral DE was a statutory referral which was accompanied by a challenge from his legal representatives to the local authority, claiming that they had failed in their duties towards DE as he was medically fit for discharge and did not need to be detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. Although discharge from Section 3 was agreed, no plans were presented to the mental health tribunal by the local authority regarding the arrangement of appropriate accommodation. From the perspective of the social worker, plans were therefore required to implement Section 117 and organise appropriate after care and accommodation. In order to do this, it was necessary to identify DE’s wishes and preferences as far as possible, in addition to managing any risk perceived by the multidisciplinary team and the mental health tribunal. A transfer CPA to the community team was organised in order to maintain DE in the community and facilitate his recovery. Adhering to the notion of â€Å"goodness of f it†, inherent to systems theory (Payne, 2002), that is enhancing the match between the individual and their environment, ways of developing, maintaining or strengthening supportive interventions and reducing, challenging or replacing stressful systems were explored. Assessment An assessment of DE’s presenting needs was conducted in order to formulate a hypothesis based upon the information available which would then provide a starting point and guide to subsequent interventions. According to Selvini Palazzoli et al. (1980a), a hypothesis is â€Å"neither true, nor false, but more or less useful†. Therefore, it was important to maintain this stance when considering the circumstances surrounding DE’s case. By seeking information from DE and others within his system, I was able to obtain as many perspectives as possible and construct an understanding, or story, as to how he had come to be â€Å"stuck† and enable him to move in a more helpful direction. Both DE and the multidisciplinary team involved in his care agreed that he required 24 hour residential care, as previous supported accommodation had not been able to facilitate his needs and he had relapsed, leading to his admission to hospital under section. Additional presenting concerns reported by DE included an impoverished family support network and poor finances. Drug and alcohol misuse were also evident, acknowledged by DE and verified by a positive test for cocaine. DE’s keyworker recounted how DE frequently disengaged with him and displayed challenging behaviour, including breaking rules of the care home and absconding. Indicators of relapse described by staff included a preoccupation with insect infestation, delusions of the devil attacking him and homophobic fears of male staff sexually assaulting him. In addition, non-compliance with his care plan was recognised as a precursor to relapse. Using circular questions to derive new information about DE’s situation and the interconnectedness of the system’s components, a pattern emerged which suggested possible indicators of relapse. A principal feature of circularity is the capacity of the therapist to consider feedback from the systems involved and to invite each part of the system to relate their perspectives of other subsystems, thereby metacommunicating (Selvini Palazzoli et al. 1980a; Byng-Hall, 1988; Cecchin, 1987). Further crucial principles of circularity are asking about specific behaviours that occur, rather than feelings or interpretations and ranking behaviours in order to highlight differences (Barker, 1998; Dallos and Draper, 2000). So, for example, DE’s keyworker was asked: â€Å"what does DE do when he breaks the rules in the house†, â€Å"when you believe DE is relapsing, how do you know? What does he say or do?†, â€Å"who is most worried about DE using drugs/alcohol?â € . Similarly, DE was asked such questions as: â€Å"when you abscond from the care home, who is most concerned? †¦ and then who?†, â€Å"when you are worried about the devil attacking you, what do you do?†, â€Å"what would your keyworker say was most important for you to get sorted out?†. A specific use of circular questioning is to define the problem (Bentovim and Bingley Miller, 2002). Hence, members of DE’s system, including his key worker, other multidisciplinary team workers, available family members and DE himself were questioned as to â€Å"what is the problem? What do you think DE/keyworker/etc would say is the problem? Who agrees with DE? Who disagrees? Who is it most a problem for?† etc. Such information served to enrich the hypothesis that was being formulated of DE’s needs. Over time, a systemic hypothesis evolved which incorporated the role of impaired family functioning and an early sense of abandonment by DE’s natural mother combined with the loss of his secondary, foster mother contributing to the development of a schizoaffective disorder. A further contributing factor may have been DE’s move to the UK following his bereavement and the sense of confusion and alienation this may have instilled. A pre-existing vulnerability to his mental health problems may have been activated by DE’s use of drugs and alcohol, possibly his coping mechanism to manage the previously described stressors. In terms of DE’s behaviour within his care home, it would be important to consider physiological factors many of the concerns reported. The literature associated with schizoaffective disorders has suggested that the onset of the illness can produce cognitive deficits, including memory impairment, planning, social judgement and insight (Randolph, Goldberg and Weinberger, in Heilman Valenstein, 1993; James and Murray, 1991). These deficits, combined with the lack of family support and underlying psychological issues, could have resulted in the issues with compliance and rule-breaking reported by the professionals involved in DE’s care. However, within a systemic approach, it is important to consider the dynamic interplay between the individual and the various components of their system when conceptualising the problem. In DE’s case, it appeared that the effects of his drug and alcohol use and of rejection issues had not been fully considered by staff at the care home and therefore the consequences of these had been able to escalate into relapse. Furthermore, it may have been that an over-critical attitude towards DE prevailed within his care home, as has been described in the concept of expressed emotion (Leff, 1994). This has generally been reported as existing within the families of those with schizoaffective disorders and is thought to represent deficits in communication and overinvolvement. The function of the problem is also a vital element within a systemic formulation (Reder and Fredman, 1996; Bilson and Ross, 1999) and in DE’s case his presenting issues appeared to represent both a communication of internal conflicts (loss, abandonment, etc) and as a solution to the problem perceived by him as inappropriate accommodation. Thus, his behaviour could be conceptualised as an attempt to resolve both internal and external discordance. However, clearly DE’s perceived solution only served to escalate and maintain the essential difficulty, that of his lack of engagement with help and disruptive behaviour. Intervention There were various strands to my intervention with DE, within which I attempted to address the issues outlined in the above hypotheses. Initially, the issue of accommodation was addressed. In concordance with a systemic approach, DE’s needs and preferences, as well as opinions derived from members of the multi-disciplinary team, were matched with available accommodation. Three suitable placements were identified which were concomitant with the needs identified in DE’s care plan, that is: 24 hour residential accommodation with staff to supervise his medication, encourage independent living skills and monitor his activities and behaviour to identify relapse indicators. DE’s opinions on the three potential placements were sought and a decision reached on the most suitable. In view of DE’s history of lack of engagement with keyworkers, it was felt that regular meetings with his care co-ordinator would be vital in exploring his concerns and potential barriers t o compliance with his care plan. The use of circular questioning could be usefully extended in such meetings, in reframing DE’s perception of his concerns and enabling him to recognising the effects of his behaviour on himself and others. Specific aspects of DE’s presenting problems were managed by referral to appropriate agencies, thus widening his system of support. For the substance misuse reported he was referred to a drug and alcohol worker. A referral to psychological services was made to address his rejection and bereavement issues. The involvement of DE’s grandmother and uncle was also an integral part of discussing his difficulties and it was postulated that at some point in the future, systemic family therapy might be helpful in providing some cohesion to DE’s family structure and enabling communication with this part of his system. Once the initial concerns had been addressed, my role turned towards care management and a reasonable price for the accommodation was negotiated, along with the development of a comprehensive care plan which was presented to the agency’s funding panel. The funding was agreed and a discharge and transfer of care CPA was arranged. Throughout the ensuing discussions of plans, DE’s opinions were sought. In order to best meet the needs identified and ensure an optimal rehabilitation programme, DE’s care plan incorporated day care activities, psychological and community forensic input. In accordance with the principles of a systems intervention, a non-judgemental stance was maintained throughout (Goldenberg and Goldenberg, 2004) and the notion of partnership was promoted (Dallos and Draper, 2000). Additionally, the strategy of facilitating sustained change whilst not being an expert about the system was adopted (Fleurida, 1986), although this presented certain challenges as will be discussed in the following sections. In terms of implementing DE’s placement, it was agreed that a gradual transfer which allowed him to adjust to the new setting would ameliorate his opportunities for rehabilitation. Therefore, overnight stays and extended stays for a week prior to discharge were arranged. Initially, difficulties were experienced with DE’s compliance with some house rules and I arranged a meeting with DE and the house manager in order to discuss and negotiate these in order to prevent a breakdown of the placement. Once more, circular questions were used to elucidate the problem and identify possible routes for change. For example, DE was asked, â€Å"when you don’t comply with this rule, who is most upset?† and â€Å"what prevents you sticking to the rules?†. The house manager was asked questions such as, â€Å"What does DE do instead of sticking to the rules?† and â€Å"what reasons do you think he has for not complying?†. Consequently, specific barrier s and obstacles were identified and it was possible to negotiate a way in which DE could assert his individuality within the placement setting, whilst behaving in ways which were acceptable to staff and other residents. Thus, the â€Å"fit† between DE and this particular system was enhanced. Review and Ending During my work with DE a dynamic, fluid hypothesis was formed which was based on systemic principles, in that it was circular, addressed relationships, was expressed in terms of what people do and believe rather than what they are and included all members of the system (Reder, 1983). The hypothesis was continually monitored and reframed during the intervention phase, which facilitated change and enabled new perspectives and solutions to be considered. Other parts of DE’s system were also modified by posing circular questions as they allowed the various professionals and agencies involved to consider how helpful or unhelpful the strategies they employed to manage the exigencies of DE’s case were and to gain different perspectives. It is important to note that this approach is distinct from merely providing instruction or information, in that it facilitates change through the process of thinking and reasoning. The initial focus of intervention – to provide appropriate accommodation – was successfully completed. This was rendered smoother by the gradual transition to his new setting. By the end of the intervention, I believe that DE was able to engage in a more useful way with the various components of his system and was more settled in his placement as a result. Reports from the house manager and other professionals also indicated that this was the case. Referrals to other agencies (psychology and drug and alcohol services) which comprised a vital component of the intervention, enabled an expansion of DE’s systems and the meeting of previously unconsidered needs. His progress with these agencies was ongoing. DE’s engagement with community forensic services was valuable in gaining further perspectives into his care. Discussion Within systems theory, the questions themselves form a substantial part of the intervention (Tomm, 1988), as they are believed to lead towards a constructive change in the problematic experiences and behaviours of service users. In addition, questions constitute a much stronger invitation for users to become engaged in a conversation and process than do statements, instructions of information and provides stimulation to think through problems alone, thus promoting autonomy and a sense of personal achievement (Payne, 2002). In continually seeking the views of DE and perspectives from other parts of his system, it was possible to create a clearer picture of the characteristics of the problem and to foster a sense of ownership on the part of DE. That is, because he felt part of the process of change, he would be more likely to feel comfortable with its parameters. A further part of promoting DE’s compliance with his care plan was to use positive connotation, another important principle of systems theory (O’Brian and Bruggen, 1985). Positively connoting DE’s behaviour consisted not only in reinforcing and praising his attempts to change, but also in acknowledging that his problem behaviour was serving to express his dissatisfaction with the situation he was in. An important aspect of intervention therefore was to communicate an understanding of how things had come to be the way they were. Only through doing this was it possible to challenge the existing belief system, suggesting new an d different definitions of relationships. Therefore, by acknowledging the pain of DE’s abandonment by his mother with a referral to a psychologist, it enabled him to explore a different way of interacting with this part of his system. Similarly, by considering the role of drugs and alcohol in mediating his distress and enabling him to cope with his situation, other means of coping were explored. The use of systems theory was congruent with mental health policy guidance for CPA in that it was person focused, involved all relevant agencies and required a recognition of needs in order to facilitate the movement of service users through CPA. The identification of unmet needs in DE’s case, as well as involving multiple agencies was crucial in managing his care effectively. As DE was on enhanced CPA, it was important to consider multiple care needs and to recognise that he was more likely to disengage with care. Once more, a holistic assessment and a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, multi-agency plan which encapsulated his wider system was necessary. Systems theory requires strategic thinking about the possibilities and limitations for change in the different systems affecting the user’s environment, as well as an understanding of the possibilities for intervention in each system (deShazer, 1982; Penn, 1982), therefore considering DE’s behaviour in specific settings and with specific individuals and agencies was a useful strategy. In addition, possessing an understanding of the possibilities for intervention within each system enabled me to think creatively about different courses of action and potential outcomes (Byng_Hall, 1988). Review and Evaluation In general, systems theory was a useful tool in working with DE, in that its principles guided many aspects of the assessment and intervention towards a beneficial outcome. The basic tenets of systems theory, of being respectful of all perspectives and attempting to empower the service user to implement change, are congruent with the CPA model of working. However, the principle of maintaining neutrality (i.e. forging an alignment with all parts of the system) and a non-judgemental, non expert stance (Selvini Palazzoli et al. 1980a; Fleurida, 1986) proved to be more challenging. As DE’s care co-ordinator it could be expected that a greater alliance would be formed with him and also that I would possess, in this role, information and knowledge pertaining to a variety of issues, such as financial assistance available to him. Clearly in this case, I was unable to maintain a non-expert stance. Furthermore, being non-judgemental in relation to all DE’s presenting needs (for e xample, his drug and alcohol misuse) was very difficult and whilst my approach could encompass the evolution of a shared understanding of this behaviour, ultimately the negative impact on DE’s mental health and stability of his placement would need to be acknowledged. Therefore, it could be said that there was a juxtaposition between CPA care management and using systems theory. However, it was possible to separate the two aspects of my role with DE and apply systems theory accordingly. In terms of what I would do differently, I believe that a greater involvement of DE’s family would have been beneficial in order to assist him in constructing a different story or narrative around his history, which would have enriched his and perhaps others’ understanding of why problems were presenting themselves. Applying systems theory to a service user such as DE, who may have the cognitive deficits previously described, raises some important ethical issues. Firstly, regarding the ability to give consent to such an approach being employed and to the seeking of perspectives from other parts of the system, such as family members and other workers. The potentially harmful influence of labels has been described in the literature of systems theory (e.g. Benson, Long and Sporakowski), however the use of labels such as â€Å"schizoaffective† and â€Å"enhanced CPA† would seem unavoidable when working within a multidisciplinary team which necessitates communicating with equivalent language. However, the use of systems theory creates space for thinking about the meaning and impact of these labels and is, therefore, at the very least a valuable and functional adjunct to the repertoire of strategies for managing complex cases. Summary and Conclusion The work carried out with DE attempted to illustrate how individuals function as a part of many systems – they are affected by these systems and they, in turn, affect the systems. I believe that the circular nature of DE’s presenting issues and needs was highlighted effectively and the intervention took into consideration this dynamic interchange and the consequences that changes in one part of a system will have for other parts. Fundamentally, I have learned that many problems arise due to a mismatch between individuals and the systems of which they are a part and the role of a social worker is to enhance the fit between the individual and the systems affecting them. References Barker, P., 1998. Basic Family Therapy, 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beckett, J.A., 1973. General Systems theory, psychiatry and psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 23, pp. 292-305. Benson, M.J; Long, J.K. and Sporakowski, M.J., 1992. Teaching psychopathology and the DSM-III R from a family systems therapy perspective. Family Relations, 41 (2), pp. 135-140. Bentovim, A. and Bingley Miller, L., 2002. The Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Difficulties. London: Pavillion. Bertalanffy, L. von, 1968. General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Application. New York: Braziller. Bilson, A. and Ross, S., 1999. A history of systems ideas in social work. In, Social Work Management and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2nd Edition. Byng-Hall, J., 1988. Scripts and legends in families and family therapy. Family Process, 27, pp. 167-179. Cecchin, G., 1987. Hypothesizing, circularity and neutrality revisited: an invitation to curiosity. Family Process, 26, pp. 405-413. Dallos, R. and Draper, R., 2000. An Introduction to Family Therapy. Buckingham: Open University Press. de Shazer, I., 1982. Patterns of Brief Family Therapy: An Ecosystemic Approach. New York: Guildford Press. Fleurida, C. et al., 1986. The evolution of circular questions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 12 (2), pp. 112-127. Goldenberg, I. and Goldenberg, H. , 2004. Family Therapy: An Overview, 6th Edition. London: Brooks/Cole. Guerin, P.J. and Pendagast, E.G., 1976. Evaluation of family system and genogram. In, P.J. Guerin, ed. Family Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. James, P. and Murray, R.M., 1991. The genetics of schizophrenia is the genetics of neurodevelopment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, pp. 615-623. Leff, J., 1994. Working with the families of schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (suppl. 23), pp. 71-76. O’Brian, C. and Bruggen, P., 1985. Our personal and professional lives: learning positive connotation and circular questioning. Family Prcess, 24, pp. 311-322. Payne, M., 2002. Systems and Ecological Perspectives. In, Modern Social Work Theory, 3rd Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Penn, P., 1982. Circular questioning. Family Process, 21, pp. 267-280. Randolph, C., Goldberg, T.E. and Weinberger, D.R., 1993. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. In, K.M. Heilman and E. Valenstein, eds. Clinical Neuropsychology, 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reder, P., 1983. Disorganised families and the helping professions: â€Å"Who’s in charge of what?†. Journal of Family Therapy, 5, pp. 23-36. Reder, P. and Fredman, G., 1996. The relationship to help: interacting beliefs about the treatment process. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1 (3), pp. 457-467. Selvini Palazzoli, M.S., Cechin, G., Prata, G. and Boscolo, L., 1980a. Hypothesising-Circularity-Neutrality. Three guidelines for the conductor of the session. Family Process, 19 (1), pp. 3-12. Selvini Palazzoli, M., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G. and Prata, G., 1980b. The problem of the referring person. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 6, pp. 3-9. Tomm, K., 1988. Interventive interviewing: part III. Intending to ask lineal, circular, strategic or reflexive questions. Family Process, 27, pp. 1-15. Reflective Diary Analysis I applied the theory of psychoanalysis to the practice situation in order to explore underlying issues which had made ME so dependent upon her partner, JM. This appeared appropriate as it would provide an opportunity to gain information about any past experiences which had contributed to her present state, in particular, the nature and origin of her anxieties and fears. Uncovering this information would then inform my practice with ME and JM and provide structure to any intervention. The overall purpose of psychoanalysis derives from the Freudian assumption that psychopathology develops when people remain unaware of their true motivations and fears and they can be restored to healthy functioning only by becoming conscious of what has been repressed (Bower, 2005). Freud believed that the unconscious conflicts he uncovered – in dreams, in memory lapses, in neurotic symptoms – always referred to certain critical events in the individual’s early life. His observations of his patients led him to conclude that all human beings experience a largely similar sequence of significant emotional events in their early lives and that it is this childhood past that shapes their present (Freud, 1905). Although Freud cautioned against the use of psychoanalysis in schizophrenia, as he believed that sufferers of schizophrenia had regressed to a state of â€Å"primary narcissism†, a phase early in the oral stage before the ego has differentiated from the id (Freud, 1905), more contemporary psychoanalysts have adopted a different approach. Primarily followers of Melanie Klein, they have taken the position that the schizoid position, or splitting between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† objects, was a normal stage of development and that schizophrenia was the late consequence of not negotiating this stage properly (Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970). Thus, the flow of unconscious material (e.g. delusions, hallucinations and thought disorder) were actively encouraged, explored and participated in. In ME’s case, a formulation of her presenting issues included the role of specific anxieties and fears. Anxiety has been conceptualised psychodynamically as a state of helplessness and â€Å"psychic pain†, which results from the perceived discrepancies between one’s ideal self (or ego ideal) and one’s actual self (Freud, 1926, cited in Brown and Pedder, 1991). These painful discrepancies cannot then be easily assimilated into our conscious view of ourselves and the world because of the anxiety they arouse and the consequence is a â€Å"defence mechanism† activated to subdue this psychic pain. Using open-ended questions with ME, such as â€Å"how are you feeling?† and allowing her to respond freely revealed a little of her state of mind, ie. â€Å"very low, always tired and very sad†. It was interesting to note ME’s partner, JM’s, explanation of ME’s low mood, â€Å"the weather†, a subject he had mentioned at the outset of the encounter. This may indicate an attempt to avoid, or defend against, speaking of difficult issues and furthermore, may represent his own coping strategy. Further questions to elicit ME’s emotional state included â€Å"has it made a difference?† (regarding the use of anti-depressants) and â€Å"how do you feel about quitting smoking?† An inherent principle of psychoanalysis is the use of transference and countertransference within any clinical encounter (Casement, 1985; Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970). Transference is the conveyance of past feelings, conflicts and beliefs into present relationships and situations, spe

Dutch and Belgium Organ Donation Acts Essay -- essays research papers

Assignment III-B: Dutch and Belgium Organ Donation Acts. In Belgium there is a different post mortem organ donation law than in The Netherlands, although they both have the same main purpose: they seek to increase the supply of donors. In Belgium it is presumed that each citizen has consented to the harvest of organs following death unless an objection to such a harvest was recorded, an opt-out system. Belgium combines presumed consent with a practice of inquiring into the wishes of the next of kin. One advantage of presumed consent is that there is no need to refer to drivers’ licenses or donor cards, which may not be carried at the relevant time. Another is that distraught family members do not need to make a positive decision to approve harvest. The patient has been able to record their objection, if any, during their lifetime, so the decision to do so will have rested with them and doctors are spared the difficult task of asking for consent. The decision whether or not to object was that of the patient made in a reasoned manner and cannot be overturned by family (1). In The Netherlands each citizen is given the opportunity to indicate whether or not they are willing to donate their organs in the event of their death, or whether they would prefer to leave the decision to their relatives, a full decision system. General consent may be given for the removal of organs and tissues, or one may withhold consent in relation to certain parts of the body. The Organ Donation Ac...

American Indians Today Essay

The Native Americans were the primary citizens of America long before white men set on foot in the area. When the Europeans conquered the American soil, an estimated 10 million Indians composed the Population of America. It is situated at the north of the country, present-day Mexico. According to history scholars, the Native Americans were believed to settle in the country approximately 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. (nativeamericans) The Native Americans were able to get into the country through the land-bridge situated from the northeastern Siberia into Alaska. The primary Indian cultures in North America is classified into Sandia, discovered in 15000 BC, Clovis in 12000 BC and Folsom in 8000 BC. The identification of the Native Americans should not be misguidedly understood as the Indians of Asia since the term was coined by Christopher Columbus when he mistakenly believe the Native Americans as part of the islands of America as part of the Indies in Asia. (nativeamericans) When the Europeans arrived in the country, the Native Americans welcomed them graciously and considered it a marvel to see white men. Considering also the technologies the European brought, the Native Americans were impressed with their conquering guests. However, as the Europeans started to degrade the forests inhabited by the Native Americans, the Native Americans realized the real intention of the Europeans that has consequently disturbed the balance in their nature. Aside from the natural resources employed by the European conquerors, even the Native Americans were seen as a commodity for manpower and labor. (Berkhofers) The Native Americans began to attribute the Europeans into soulless creatures that were in their territory to destruct their natural environment. Not only did the Europeans abuse the environment, they also brought diseases that were infectious to the Native Americans. This eventually led to several uprising of the Native Indians. (Berkhofers)The Europeans were accustomed to conquests, so the Native Americans responded against the Indian Wars and the Indian Removal Act which enabled the Europeans to have ownership of the country. It was a great disadvantage for the Native Americans because of their number, lack of weapons and unwillingness to cooperate even at their own expense. In a final blow against the Native Americans, U. S cavalrymen massacred Indian warriors, women and children in 1890. (â€Å"Native America: Portrait of the People†; Thomas) For many years, many have believed that the Native Americans are extinct cultures. That is why many American Indians are advocating their right to be known as a culture which fought hard and survived whatever they have experienced in their own native land. Many American Indians are still trying to establish their own identity in a country that has become to be white men populated.

Factors that compelled Tesco to exit the Japanese Market?

Executive summary Tesco is the third largest retail company in the world after Wal-Mart Stores Inc. and Carrefour SA. The paper provides an overview of Tesco PLC and its market expansion strategy in competitive markets, specifically Japan. The paper briefly provides information on Tesco’s entry into the Japanese retail market. It provides details of the factors that compelled Tesco to exit from the Japanese retail market. It is argued that other foreign retail companies had failed in the Japanese market primarily due to unique shopping habits of Japanese consumers. Synopsis of the Case study Tesco is a UK based retailer company founded in 1919 (Humby, 2008). The company is the third-largest in the world in terms of sales, behind Wal-Mart Stores Inc. of the United States (US) and Chain Carrefour SA of France (Humby, 2008). Tesco carried out extensive research spanning several years in its strategy to expand its market to other already established and emerging markets internationally. Tesco embarked on expansion, into new markets, establishing new stores in the US, entering emerging markets in Central Europe and Japan through acquisition and entering markets like South Korea and Malaysia through a joint measure (Tesco’s internal data, 2009). At the end of August 2011, Tesco announced its exit from Japan where it had entered the market through acquisition. Tesco’s exit from Japan was motivated by its failure to establish enough scalable business after its 8 years operation in Japan, the economic and demographic factors which have affected the purchasing trends among the Japanese, Japanese consumers switched from purchasing branded luxury products in Tesco stores and preferred more affordable private labels. In addition there were a series of food safety scares that hit the Japanese retail market and Tesco’s British business format. Additionally, Tesco failed to compete with department and supermarket stores in Japan. The paper critically assesses the factors that compelled Tesco to withdraw from the Japanese Market. The company has in excess of 500,000 employees in its chain stores around the word. Tesco aims at delivering a consistently strong customer offer based on each customer visit and transaction by focusing on the Group’s core business purpose. Tesco enjoys a 30% market share in the British grocery market making it the biggest player in retail business in the UK. Other players are Asda with 16.9% of the market, Sainsbury’s with 16.4%, Morrison’s with 11.5% and Co-op/Somerfield with 9.2% of the market s hare (Tesco’s internal data, 2009). Theoretical framework Tesco has expanded its presence to about 5400 chain stores operating in 14 markets outside the UK. The company has grown its business value and operations to become the third-largest retailer in the world behind Wal-Mart Stores Inc. of the US and France’s retail Chain Carrefour SA (Tesco’s internal data, 2009). Tesco’s main business focus is to expand its business in established markets and emerging markets around the world. With a focus to expand its business operations, Tesco operates about 1400 stores in Asian countries of Japan, China, Thailand, Malaysia and South Korea. Tesco began its expansion to the Asian market in 1998 when it acquired a 75% majority controlling in Thailand’s Lotus, a chain of 13 hypermarkets for 111 million British pounds. In March 1999, Tesco further expanded its business expansion strategy in the Asian market with a joint venture with Samsung in South Korea. In 2002, Tesco entered the Malaysian retail market through a joint ven ture with a local company called Sime Darby Behad (Tesco’s internal data, 2009) The collapse in asset values caused by financial crisis in the late 1990s significantly facilitated the company’s expansion in South-East Asia. Tesco expanded its market into the Japanese market in 2003 by acquiring a controlling interest in the C Two-Network Co, a discount supermarket chain. However, in September 2011, Tesco PLC took the decision to withdraw its retail business operations from the Japanese market and sold off its operations consisting of 129 chain stores. The stores were in the Tokyo area and other stores operating under the Tesco brand, Tesco Express and supermarkets under the Tsurukame brand. The supermarket sector in Japan is fiercely competitive and unprofitable. From the case study, it seems clear that Aeton and Itoh Yokado, the two largest supermarket groups in Japan are struggling to make profit even though they enjoy huge economies of scale. Tesco and other global supermarkets with their plentiful capital failed to successfully penetrate the Japanese market. Despite Tesco’s intending to offer low prices on bulky purchases, things did not turn out to be successful and eventually Tesco had to exit the market. Sogo and Seibu, a big-name in Japanese departmental stores failed to dig into the Japanese retail market. Tesco, and other foreign players like Carrefour and Wal-Mart moved to fill the gaps left by the ailing domestic retailers in the general merchandise store (GMS) segment by setting up their stores or forging an alliance with a domestic player. Despite the business strategy, Tesco and other foreign retailers struggles to successfully penetrate into the difficult Japanese market. Answer to the question. At the end of August 2011, Tesco announced its exit from Japan. The following are the factors that compelled Tesco to withdraw from the Japanese Market. Economic and demographic factors that have affected the purchasing trends among the Japanese. The Japanese grocery retail is a mature market valued at US$370 billion, and it’s the second largest in the world behind the US market. The Japanese grocery sales per capita boosts as the highest in the world at more than US$ 3,300 in a year. However, the market still remains troubled. A combination of economic and demographic factors have resulted in the grocery retail market slipping by 1.2% in 2004 (Tesco’s internal data, 2009). Since the bubble burst in early 1990s, the Japanese economy has been in the doldrums, followed by deflation in the consumer price in subsequent years. Since the economic downturn, consumer confidence has never fully recovered. In relation to demographic factors, the population growth has been stagnan t in recent years, resulting in diminished volume growth opportunity, in the retail market. The consumption patterns of the Japanese have changed along with the demographic shifts and varying lifestyles. The birth rate is declining and the population is ageing. High levels of unemployment have prompted people to migrate to city areas that provide more work options. The consequence is an increased demand for freshly prepared and convenience Japanese-style foods. The foods are readily available in at food halls and convenience stores in department stores. The Japanese masses have not widely embraced Western cuisines resulting in a bumpy ride and the eventual fallout of the both the domestic and foreign retailers such as Tesco. In July 2011, supermarket sales in Japan diminished by 1.2% overall to 1.05 trillion Yen. The fall has been recorded for the last 20 consecutive months based on a year-on-year comparison. In July 2011, a decline of -0.6% in food was recorded, -2.7% decline in ho usehold products, -0.8% decline in clothing, -1.7% decline in services and a decline of -3.3% in miscellaneous items (Tesco’s internal data, 2009). The statistics indicate that supermarket sales were dwindling, and Tesco found it hard to continue operating within such a difficult environment (Williamson, 2013). Tesco failed to establish enough scalable business after its 8 years operation in Japan. According to CEO, Philip Clarke, Japanese shopping habits were very different from those envisioned in business strategies and business processes of Tesco. According to Clarke, the British consumers enjoy carrying out a â€Å"big shop† once in a week since there is enough room to keep their shopping. In contrast, for many Japanese, space is premium and carrying out a big shop is not an option. Tesco, like other foreign retail companies, failed to adapt fully to the local shopping habits of the Japanese consumers. Consumers switching from branded luxury products in Tesco stor es to more affordable private labels. Despite the demand for staple food and household items remaining flat, some consumers switched from purchasing branded luxury products to private labels that are more affordable. However, the penetration of such private labels products has not been popular compared to branded products because the Japanese consumers are still conscious of the product brand of the item they purchase. A series of food safety scares hit the market. The outbreak of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Japanese cows, use of non-approved additives in packaged foods and product origin being mislabeled eroded consumer confidence and caused a series of food safety scares in the grocery retail market. The British business format of Tesco failed to compete with department and supermarket stores in Japan. The people of Japan put much emphasis on the quality and freshness of food items. They, therefore, prefer to shop many times in a week instead of carrying out a single bulk shopping in a weekly basis. Departmental store food halls began offering high price but high quality foods while low priced standard food products were offered by supermarkets. Although discount stores started increasingly introducing fresh food product to encourage more customer visits, they were considered to be at the lower end of the market along with convenience stores. The small retail channels have increased their market share in recent years because the ir business format meets the Japanese consumers’ preference for shopping several times each week. They have also widened their range of services such as the provision of added-value services, bill-paying facilities, cash machines and delivery services. The small retail channels business format is in contrast with Tesco business format. As a result, Tesco faced a challenge of penetrating the highly competitive business segment. The Japanese people are highly demanding and fussy consumers who need to be provided with a wide selection of goods and foodstuffs. The Japanese consumers also value freshness of their produce, and they are likely to question of the stock in a hypermarket such as Tesco. Japanese consumers make frequent visits to many different stores per week instead of carrying out a one stop-shop within a single supermarket store. Conclusion In summary, the expansion strategy taken by Tesco into the Japanese market was a well-timed one. However, the Japanese market posed many difficulties which prevented Tesco penetrating the market and achieving profits. Despite that Tesco invested many resources and formulated strategies to gain the Japanese retail market, its failure to establish a business format to suit the Japanese consumers’ lifestyle envisaged its eventual exit. Other foreign retail companies such as Carrefour SA of France had failed to attain profit. Economic factors also led Tesco’s exit as consumers changed preference. The consumer patterns of the Japanese can be difficult to accommodate and formulate a business format to suit their demands and lifestyle. References Humby C, et al. (2008) Scoring Points: How Tesco Continues to Win Customer Loyalty. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Tesco’s internal data, 2009 (www.tesco.com) Williamson C, et al. (2013) Strategic Management and Business Analysis. London: Routledge.

Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt The WritePass Journal

Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt Introduction Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt Introduction  ReferencesRelated Introduction This essay is going to compare and contrast the theoretical foundations of A.T.Beck’s Cognitive therapy (CT) and A.Ellis’s Rational Emotional Behavioral Therapy (REBT). The first is going to bring out and emphasize on the similarities, the second paragraphs is going to focus on the differences in their theories that makes them pioneers in their own field, Paragraph four is going to talk and argue the strength and limitations of CT and paragraph five will argue the strength and weaknesses of REBT theories and the sixth paragraph will summarize the essay as a whole. Both theories (CT and REBT) share some common characteristics. They both believe in cognition which stresses on our thoughts and beliefs, emphasising on how our feelings are not caused directly by a situation or event, but by the meaning we attach to the situation. They both focus on treatment planning and case conceptualization, CT is formulation driven and REBT disputes irrational beliefs. Both theories believe that peoples thoughts, beliefs and interpretations about themselves is the notion they will have in their life event (Westbrook D. et al 2007, p.3), i.e. what we think and do affect how we feel. Becks CT and Ellis’s REBT both deals more on here and now than the past, for they prefer to tackle problems directly by focusing on those factors that are presently accommodating the problem and then changing the whole process (Westbrook D. et al ,2007, p.5.), rather than digging into the past that has no significant effect on the present issue.   They are both goal focussed , REBT is aimed at re-educating client so their life philosophy is rational. While CT focuses on how thinking and behaviour play an important role in people’s emotional difficulties. The theories both have structured agendas and set homework (Westbrook et al) and (Collins, need to know). Despite all this similarities, their base (origin) is different, which has brought some differences in their theories. The most important difference between A T Becks CT and A Ellis’s REBT is that CT is empirically based (science) psychotherapy. It believes that it is not a particular situation or event that directly causes problems, but the meaning we attach to the situation, while REBT is philosophically based (Padesky C A 2005) which focuses on negative thoughts. This difference in them has brought about division in the initial therapies that were formally in existence. Becks therapy centres on automatic thoughts and how dysfunctional a belief can be by teaching clients the skills that will enable them to caution their belief (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.215). Beck uses Socratic methods and collaborative (guided discovery) to help client ascertain and test their own belief by experiment and personal observation, While Ellis based his theory on Irrationality focusing on negative thoughts and helps client to separate functional from dysfunctional thoughts (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.218). Ellis uses ABC model (A=activating event /what you are aware of, B=belief/ negative thought about the situation and C=consequences/emotional reaction), which indicates that an events or situation you are aware of, triggers to set off a negative belief about a situation and leads to consequence (emotional reaction). REBT approach stressed actively working to change a client’s self-defeating beliefs and behaviour by demonstrating their irrationality, self-defeatism and r igidity. Ellis believed that through rational analysis and cognitive reconstruction, people could understand their self defeatingness in light of their core irrational beliefs and then develop more rational construct. Ellis uses varieties of methods which seems to be more effective to change underlying assumptions (â€Å"should and musts†) by directly going against what he calls Irrational believes (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.217) by engaging in row with the client. Beck has been consistent with scientific (empirical) findings regarding particular problems and focusing on thought consistency. Ellis’s REBT theory leads to more empirical investigation in individual clients than CT theory probably does. CT has different models for specific problems and disorders such as Depression (Beck et al, 1979), Social Anxiety (Clark and Wells, 1995) and Low self-esteem (Fennel, 1998). It focuses on whatever levels of thought are needed to alleviate problem, while REBT challenges factual statements and inferences more than should. Having looked at the similarities and differences between CT and REBT, It will be ideal to also look at their individual strengths and limitations. CT has become the most popular and most validated form of CBT. It is widely known and largely in use worldwide and it has in recent decade spread more rapidly than REBT (Padesky Beck, 2003, p211) due to lack of extensive research on REBT.   Beck’s CT has scientifically certified treatment and made diagnosis on so many problems including Anxiety and Depression which are very common problems that require counselling. CT is ethical and evidence based, in the sense that it builds confidence in the end users on how effective the treatment they are going to get is going to be (Westbrook et al, 2007, p6). CT is collaborative by discouraging dependence on counsellors by allowing  Ã‚   clients to be experts on their own problems while the therapist, guide the client to re-discover themselves by working as a team with each party standin g as an expert in its own field. But with REBT, the therapist is an expert all the way in the client’s problem. Ellis’s REBT also has some strengths and limitations attached to it. REBT emphasizes basic understanding of thinking processes and learned skills to reduce relapse more, probably, than does CT (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.216). REBT stresses the direct disputation of believes, especially when irrational beliefs are shown to client and disputed by the therapist, clients are shown other cognitive, experiential, and behavioural way of discovering and disputing them. REBT shows the client that â€Å"must should† is likely lying behind their word when the client belief cannot be formulated in their own words (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.16). But REBT falls in the danger of imposing its own philosophy on client, it doesn’t emphasize emotions much and focuses too much on thought and also fails to explain why one clings on to their beliefs.   References Padesky, C.A., Beck, A.T. (2003), Science and philosophy: Comparison of Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy. Journal of cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(3), 211-224. Ellis, A. (2005). Discussion of â€Å"Science and philosophy: Comparison of cognitive therapy and rational Emotive Behaviour therapy†. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(2), 181-185. Padesky, C.A., Beck, A.T. (2005). Response to Ellis’s discussion of â€Å"Science and Philosophy: Comparison of Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy†. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(2), 187-189. Westbrook D; Kennerley H; and Kirk J. Introduction to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Collins; need to know? Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, 2008. McLeod J, An introduction to counselling, third edition. Adams R; Dominelli L and Payne M, Social Work- Themes, Issues and critical debates.

13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay

13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay An effective introductory paragraph both informs and motivates. It lets readers know what your essay is about and it encourages them to keep reading. There are countless ways to begin an essay effectively. As a start, here are 13 introductory strategies accompanied by examples from a wide range of professional writers. Introductory Strategies State your thesis briefly and directly (but avoid making a bald announcement, such as This essay is about . . .). It is time, at last, to speak the truth about Thanksgiving, and the truth is this. Thanksgiving is really not such a terrific holiday. . . . (Michael J. Arlen, Ode to Thanksgiving. The Camera Age: Essays on Television. Penguin, 1982)Pose a question related to your subject and then answer it (or invite your readers to answer it). What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around their neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesnt afford warmth in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only decorates. We might say, it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off, the head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of the soul. When photographers discuss the way in which a photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only the passage fr om three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a point de vue that favors the top of the body rather than the bottom, and the front rather than the back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting. (Emily R. Grosholz, On Necklaces. Prairie Schooner, Summer 2007) State an interesting fact about your subject. The peregrine falcon was brought back from the brink of extinction by a ban on DDT, but also by a peregrine falcon mating hat invented by an ornithologist at Cornell University. If you cannot buy this, Google it. Female falcons had grown dangerously scarce. A few wistful males nevertheless maintained a sort of sexual loitering ground. The hat was imagined, constructed, and then forthrightly worn by the ornithologist as he patrolled this loitering ground, singing, Chee-up! Chee-up! and bowing like an overpolite Japanese Buddhist trying to tell somebody goodbye. . . . (David James Duncan, Cherish This Ecstasy. The Sun, July 2008)Present your thesis as a recent discovery or revelation. Ive finally figured out the difference between neat people and sloppy people. The distinction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people. (Suzanne Britt Jordan, Neat People vs. Sloppy People. Show and Tell. Morning Owl Press, 19 83) Briefly describe the place that serves as the primary setting of your essay. It was in Burma, a sodden morning of the rains. A sickly light, like yellow tinfoil, was slanting over the high walls into the jail yard. We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages. Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot of drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two. (George Orwell, A Hanging, 1931)Recount an incident that dramatizes your subject. One October afternoon three years ago while I was visiting my parents, my mother made a request I dreaded and longed to fulfill. She had just poured me a cup of Earl Grey from her Japanese iron teapot, shaped like a little pumpkin; outside, two cardinals splashed in the birdbath in the we ak Connecticut sunlight. Her white hair was gathered at the nape of her neck, and her voice was low. â€Å"Please help me get Jeff’s pacemaker turned off,† she said, using my father’s first name. I nodded, and my heart knocked. (Katy Butler, What Broke My Fathers Heart. The New York Times Magazine, June 18, 2010) Use the narrative strategy of delay: put off identifying your subject just long enough to pique your readers interest without frustrating them. They woof. Though I have photographed them before, I have never heard them speak, for they are mostly silent birds. Lacking a syrinx, the avian equivalent of the human larynx, they are incapable of song. According to field guides the only sounds they make are grunts and hisses, though the Hawk Conservancy in the United Kingdom reports that adults may utter a croaking coo and that young black vultures, when annoyed, emit a kind of immature snarl. . . . (Lee Zacharias, Buzzards. Southern Humanities Review, 2007)Using the historical present tense, relate an incident from the past as if it were happening now. Ben and I are sitting side by side in the very back of his mother’s station wagon. We face glowing white headlights of cars following us, our sneakers pressed against the back hatch door. This is our joyhis and mineto sit turned away from our moms and dads in this place that feels like a secret, as though they are not even in the car with us. They have just taken us out to dinner, and now we are driving home. Years from this evening, I won’t actually be sure that this boy sitting beside me is named Ben. But that doesn’t matter tonight. What I know for certain right now is that I love him, and I need to tell him this fact before we return to our separate houses, next door to each other. We are both five. (Ryan Van Meter, First. The Gettysburg Review, Winter 2008) Briefly describe a process that leads into your subject. I like to take my time when I pronounce someone dead. The bare-minimum requirement is one minute with a stethoscope pressed to someone’s chest, listening for a sound that is not there; with my fingers bearing down on the side of someone’s neck, feeling for an absent pulse; with a flashlight beamed into someone’s fixed and dilated pupils, waiting for the constriction that will not come. If I’m in a hurry, I can do all of these in sixty seconds, but when I have the time, I like to take a minute with each task. (Jane Churchon, The Dead Book. The Sun, February 2009)Reveal a secret about yourself or make a candid observation about your subject. I spy on my patients. Ought not a doctor to observe his patients by any means and from any stance, that he might the more fully assemble evidence? So I stand in doorways of hospital rooms and gaze. Oh, it is not all that furtive an act. Those in bed need only look up to discover me. But they never do. (Richard Selzer, The Discus Thrower. Confessions of a Knife. Simon Schuster, 1979) Open with a riddle, joke, or humorous quotation, and show how it reveals something about your subject. Q: What did Eve say to Adam on being expelled from the Garden of Eden? A: I think were in a time of transition. The irony of this joke is not lost as we begin a new century and anxieties about social change seem rife. The implication of this message, covering the first of many periods of transition, is that change is normal; there is, in fact, no era or society in which change is not a permanent feature of the social landscape. . . . (Betty G. Farrell, Family: The Making of an Idea, an Institution, and a Controversy in American Culture. Westview Press, 1999)Offer a contrast between past and present that leads to your thesis. As a child, I was made to look out the window of a moving car and appreciate the beautiful scenery, with the result that now I dont care much for nature. I prefer parks, ones with radios going chuckawaka chuckawaka and the delicious whiff of bratwurst and cigare tte smoke. (Garrison Keillor, Walking Down The Canyon. Time, July 31, 2000) Offer a contrast between image and reality- that is, between a common misconception and the opposing truth. They aren’t what most people think they are. Human eyes, touted as ethereal objects by poets and novelists throughout history, are nothing more than white spheres, somewhat larger than your average marble, covered by a leather-like tissue known as sclera and filled with nature’s facsimile of Jell-O. Your beloved’s eyes may pierce your heart, but in all likelihood they closely resemble the eyes of every other person on the planet. At least I hope they do, for otherwise he or she suffers from severe myopia (near-sightedness), hyperopia (far-sightedness), or worse. . . (John Gamel, The Elegant Eye. Alaska Quarterly Review, 2009)

38 Amazing Cause and Effect Essay Topics (Updated 2019)

38 Amazing Cause and Effect Essay Topics Every cause has an effect and every effect has a cause. In philosophy this is known as the First Cause principle. The Greeks established this line of thinking centuries ago and the West picked it up and ran with it. While philosophers of the modern era might reject the notion of causality, they won’t help you get out of having to write a cause and effect essay. So to help you out, here are some cause and effect essay topics that might make your job a little easier. Table of Contents1 Cause and Effect Essay Topics1.1 Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics1.2 College Cause and Effect Essay Topics1.3 Easy Cause and Effect Essay Topics1.4 Creative Cause and Effect Topics2 Conclusion Cause and Effect Essay Topics Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics Good cause and effect essay topics are all around us. Think about the world in which you live and then ask yourself, â€Å"Why are things the way they are today?† Focus on anything—some element of politics, some social norm, some economic practice—and it will serve as good a place as any to start your inquiry. Try these questions for starters. What were the direct and indirect causes of the Civil War? The Civil War is known for being a controversial topic—and many historians are still divided as to what really caused it. A good cause and effect paper on this topic will look at the many different direct and indirect factors that can be said to have led to the outbreak of war between the North and the South. And there are plenty of variables to discuss! What was the effect of WW2’s outcome on the geopolitical world order throughout the second half of the 20th century? In many ways World War Two defined the latter half of the 20th century. It instituted a new world order with the U.S. essentially calling the shots in the West as the new dominant role player. It is also paved the way for an increase in tension between the Eastern and the Western spheres. Geopolitical games were just beginning with the end of WW2. So a good way to broach this subject would be to discuss the many different ways that WW2 impacted geopolitics in the latter half of the 20th century. What caused the Great Depression? Some—like former Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke—say it was the Fed, others an increase in easy credit that led to unwise spending and speculation. Researching the crash and the after effects of this interesting time in American history can be a good way to begin work on finding the causes that led to the Great Depression. What effect has cultural Marxism had on the West? The Frankfurt School had some interesting things to say about modern culture. They also had some interesting ideas about how to change the world to align it more with the ideals of the Marxist doctrine. Starting with Adorno and his pals in the Frankfurt School, you could begin tracing the effects that the cultural Marxists had on the West. No doubt you’ll certainly come to understand a little more about why things are the way they are today. What is the effect of carbon emissions on the atmosphere? Cars and trucks get blamed a lot for the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, what would you say if you were told that the agriculture and farming industry along with the energy industry are responsible for the lion’s share of pollution in the atmosphere? Researching the effect of carbon emissions on the atmosphere can be a good way to find out what might really be behind global warming. What is the cause and effect of political correctness? Ever wonder where the idea of political correctness came from? Ever wonder what kind of effect the practice of political correctness has on society? Here’s a good place to start. What effect does the melting of the polar ice caps have on the global environment? Everyone’s heard of global warming—but not many people know all the ways in which the melting of the polar ice caps could impact the planet. What is the cause of inflation? How does money work and what makes a currency lose value over time? Moreover, what effect does inflation have on the economy, on one’s savings, and on one’s job? Answer these questions by finding the cause and effect of inflation. What effect has the Federal Reserve had on the value of the dollar over the past 100 years? The Fed was founded more than a century again amid some very peculiar backroom dealings on Jekyll Island. Since that time, it takes significantly more USDs (or Federal Reserve notes) to buy what one could have purchased for far fewer notes 75 years ago. Is there a correlation between the institution of the Fed and its power to print money? What has been the effect of globalization on Western society? Western society—and indeed much of the world—used to be far more divided and insular than it is today. Today, while we may have borders and laws about immigration the fact is that much of the world has become homogenized and open. How did this happen? Start your cause and effect paper by researching the causes and effects of globalization. College Cause and Effect Essay Topics College cause and effect essay topics can be ambitious or simple. The key to writing a good college cause and effect essay is to ask a good question and then start tracing out the ways in which events transpire so as to show the cause of the subject in question and its effect. Here are some questions to help jump start some creative ideas on your part. What were the primary causes of Brexit and what will the effects of the UK leaving the EU be on the West? England’s vote to leave the EU was certainly historic in many regards—and no one knows quite what impact it will have on the West. However, there are plenty of good opinions out there backed up by solid, logical claims—which makes this a particularly good cause and effect essay for your college paper. How are the effects of populism and nationalism manifesting in countries around the world today? Nationalism and globalism seem to be in a head-to-head contest today, though with the nature of society being so thoroughly globalized it is difficult to see how any real nationalist movement could have much impact on things. Nonetheless, the growing tide of populism and nationalism can be seen everywhere people are dissatisfied with the current state of government in their country. What will the effects of this rising tide of nationalism be in the long run? And what caused it to come about in the first place? What has been the economic effect of Qualitative Easing? Quantitative Easing (QE) was launched in the wake of the 2008 collapse—and markets have not been the same since. What caused the fall of Lehman Brothers? The fall of Lehman Brothers set off a cascade of defaults and collapses all around the globe. How and—more importantlywhy did this happen? What caused the fall of Enron? Enron was for a short period of time the darling of Wall Street. Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling could do no wrong—until suddenly they could do nothing right. Find out what caused the fall of Enron. What was the cause and effect of Confucianism in the East? Confucius was a kind of Renaissance Man of the ancient East. Where did his ideas come from and what did they lead to in places like China and Japan? You might be surprised to find that in many ways Confucius was simply passing on what he himself received†¦. What is the effect of violence in the media on society? No one can argue that violence in the mainstream media has diminished over the years. Quite the contrary: there seems to be more violence today than ever before on both the big and small screen. So what is the effect of all this blood and guts getting spilled out all over screens across America? Does it actually have an impact on society? What is the effect of listening to Mozart while doing homework? A few studies have examined the claim that listening to Mozart actually improves your brain’s capacity to focus and retain information for a short-term duration. Find out how this happens and explain the effects of classical music on the brain. What was the cause and effect of humanism on the Italian Renaissance? The Italian Renaissance was a time of swirling activity and shifting balances of power. Artists were hired to propagate new ideas and a clear shift in thinking could be discerned as the effects of humanism spread throughout Europe. What caused the fall of the Soviet Union? The Soviet Union and the U.S. were engaged in an ideological battle throughout the Cold War. Then things began to turn south for the Russians. What caused the once proud Soviet Union to fall apart? What was the cause and effect of the Counter-Reformation? Most people know that the Reformation was fueled by men like Luther, Calvin, Knox and Henry. But do you know what led to the rise of the Counter-Reformation, who spurred it on, and what it achieved? What is the effect of poor leadership on organizational culture? Everyone loves a good leader—but what happens when you have a bad leader in your workplace? If good leaders produce positive results, do poor leaders cause negative results to happen? Easy Cause and Effect Essay Topics Easy cause and effect essay topics don’t necessarily have to be based on simplistic questions. Sometimes what makes an easy topic is the fact that there is so much written about it that you’ll have no trouble identifying causes and effects. Try some of these ideas below to get your paper going. What is the cause of the epidemic of obesity in America? Obesity is a major problem in America. But what causes it and what are the serious effects of being overweight?   Many studies have been conducted in recent years to help researchers address this question.   Places like PubMed are great databases to use to start getting the information you’ll need to write this one. What causes a tornado to form? Tornado chasers have one of the most thrilling jobs—when there is action to chase. What happens though when there is not a tornado in sight, and what kind of conditions are needed for tornado formation?   Find out by writing a cause and effect essay on tornadoes. What effect did Prohibition have on U.S. society in the 1920s? Prohibition was meant to restore law and order—but it turned out to have quite the opposite impact. One of the most heinous effects of Prohibition was the rise of the bootleggers and organized crime.   There’s nothing like a little reform to make things worse all the way around. What do we know about the cause and effect of laughter? Did you ever wonder what makes us laugh and why it’s different for so many people? Did you ever wonder what effect laughter has on the body or on the mind?   Did you ever wonder if laughter can ever be a bad thing or if there are types of laughter than are less positive than others? Is genetics the cause of diabetes—or is it diet? Some studies have shown that a bad diet can be the cause of diabetes. Others point to poor environment.   Others point to genetics and the Pima Indians as proof.   Scientists may argue over the cause, but there’s plenty of research on the subject to help you make up your mind. What is the cause and effect of indigestion? If you’ve ever enjoyed a nice, hot plate of Mexican food only to experience terrible indigestion afterwards, this might be just the topic for you. How have the effects of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East materialized over the past 50 years? What are some of the effects of America’s foreign policy in the Middle East? Iraq has crumbled and millions have been killed.   ISIS is now an existential threat to much of the civilized world not to mention to innocent civilians in the Middle East.   Parts of Syria have been destroyed.   Russia is now engaged in military operations there to help keep things stable.   Has it always been this way?   The past 15 years don’t look so good.   Have a look at the past 50 and see if it’s any better. What is the political effect of bipartisanship? Everyone who loves American politics, loves to talk about bipartisanship. So what’s the political impact of getting bipartisan support for a bill?   Is it always positive?   If so—how do you explain the Freedom Caucus? What are the positive and negative effects of social media on society? Social media is a great way to instantly communicate with friends. But there is also a hidden danger with social media—the loss of privacy.   With social media, the line between a private and a social life has been blurred—perhaps past the point of all return. What is the cause and effect of homelessness in U.S. cities? Homelessness is a subject that few like to talk about: it makes people uncomfortable because there are no easy solutions.   However, what causes homelessness to occur and the effects it has on society are far less difficult to point out. Creative Cause and Effect Topics What effect does teen usage of social media have on teen face-to-face social skills development? Teenagers are using social media and mobile phones to communicate now more than they ever have in the history of the planet. This new method of communication puts a lot of emphasis on digital and virtual connectivity.   So while teens may be more virtually connected, all this energy spent on the Internet may be causing a breakdown in face-to-face, real word contact. What is the cause and effect of â€Å"fake news†? Fake news made its debut in the media recently—so what brought it about? Is it something that is characterized by content, provider, or intent?   Moreover, what effect does fake news have on our culture? What is the cause of the tension between Russian and American political relations? The two nations were allies in WW2—yet ever since the start of the Cold War there has been incredible tension between the two nations. Why is this? What is the cause and effect of laughter? Why do people laugh? Why do they like to laugh?   Why does one person laughing invariably cause others to laugh?   Why are we attracted to laughter?   Why is laughter considered the â€Å"best medicine†?   What effect does laughter have on the brain and body? What is the cathartic effect of watching a tragedy on the stage? How does drama help to cleanse the soul? Why does viewing a character’s tragic story help an audience?   What did Aristotle have to say about tragedy? What is the cause and effect of usury? Usury was, once upon a time, forbidden in the West. Now it is taken for granted and even celebrated in the form of interest rates!   What is the idea behind usury as a practice, and what are the effects of usury—whether negative or positive? Conclusion Cause and effect essay topics are easy to come up with—they are literally all around us. As the Greeks pointed out long ago—and Shakespeare after them (â€Å"Nothing will come of nothing†)—for things to happen there has to be a cause. And for every cause there is an effect. The picture at the top of the page says it all: Newton’s cradle might have been used to demonstrate a point about the conservation of force—but that last ball doesn’t move unless someone moves the first.

TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE ISSUES FOR A MOBILE APPLICATION TO SUPPORT Literature review

TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE ISSUES FOR A MOBILE APPLICATION TO SUPPORT CHRONIC DISEASE PATIENTS IN SAUDI ARABIA - Literature review Example However, the report indicated that in the next two decades non-communicable diseases in Africa would be the leading cause of deaths based on current projections. Apart from deaths, chronic diseases are also the major cause of disabilities among the population. Chronic diseases have further resulted to economic burden on the state government. In addition to non-communicable diseases, developing countries struggle with management of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria epidemics. Jeffreys (2011) argued that the prevalence of chronic diseases in these states does not displace the effects of the infectious diseases but enhances further the deteriorative effects of both diseases. This has led to overburdening of the medical budget, which directly affects medical healthcare services. Increased cases of chronic diseases have been closely linked with poorer healthcare services due to inadequacy of funds and strained medical staff that are often overworked and underpaid. In the end, continual prevalence of non-communicable diseases is likely to deter economic growth of developing countries. This is due to diversion of funds to health care systems as opposed to allocation of the funds to income generating projects. There also exits the burden of managing risk factors associated with chronic diseases. According to Defronzo (2004), chronic diseases can be easily controlled by minimization of associated risk factors. The main risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases include the following: tobacco use in any form, intake of high cholesterol, low fruit and vegetable diet, overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption and sedentary lifestyle. Studies by Centre for Disease Control (2014) indicated that 80% of heart diseases, stroke and Type 2 diabetes could be prevented and controlled by avoiding chronic risk factors.

Chapter 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 4 - Assignment Example For this to succeed, communication must be present as it facilitates identification of goals, request making, and problem solving. Collaboration allows mutual support as well as the ability to share knowledge appropriately. The chapter maintains that the most important aspects of collaboration include parity, trust, respect, and establishment of common goals. We also learnt that there are several communication styles that can be used and incorporate unilateral, directional, and transactional where transactional method is preferred since it favors a two way mode of communication. However, there are several barriers that affect communication and collaboration. These include cultural background, gender, age, interests and experiences. To eliminate these barriers, both the teacher and the family need to exercise strong communication skills. It is more helpful to ensure that both verbal and non-verbal forms of communication are exercised appropriately so as to eliminate the barriers. The barriers are responsible for miscommunication. Specifically, the teacher should ensure that they avoid quick fixes to certain problems, avoid minimizing feelings by using false reassurances, and ask the most appropriate questions. When barriers emerge, problem solving strategies are used to retaliate. Such strategies include avoiding emotional responses and relying on a step to step procedure. This process incorporates identification of the problem, generation of potential solutions, evaluation of those solutions, implementation of the selected solution, and evaluation of the so lution. These steps also ensure that a conflict is resolved in a constructive manner. There are several myths thought to reduce miscommunication that include more communication being better, communication being a natural ability, and open communication being effective in solving problems. We also

Catholic School Acccreditation responses Assignment

Catholic School Acccreditation responses - Assignment Example Students are assigned projects and reports, and given exams. To measure the effectiveness of student achievement of the SLEs and curriculum standards, all students present a Graduate Culminating Precis. This report summarizes how they have achieved each SLE. The school further ensures that each student is making acceptable progress toward the achievement of SLEs and curriculum standards. Every once a semester, teachers complete an evaluation. This is done based on a common rubric and using a form that lists SLEs and descriptors for each of them. Students are also given the opportunity to evaluate themselves (St. Joachim School, 30). Technology has further been integrated into the learning process. All classrooms are equipped with Promethean Boards to enhance the process of leaning. Classes also have regular access to the computer lab. There is also the availability of the Zingy Learning program which is an online science program used by the school’s science department. Furthermore, the school has an account with the Madera County Office of Education which gives teachers access to various online teaching resources. To determine how effectively students are making acceptable progress, teachers assess students through a variety of methods. These include; oral questioning, class discussions, exams, reports and projects. To implement plans to assist students, discussions are held during faculty meetings. Implementation is based upon making adjustments to the curriculum. Other strategies include making accommodations such as changing student’s seat, tutoring and modifying assignments and testing. Annually, teachers evaluate the results of the IOWA. On a regular basis, the school assesses programs used to support disaggregate groups and ensure acceptable progress for all students. Each year brings a different culture with strengths and areas of growth. To accommodate these changing trends, an evaluation

Chapter7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter7 - Essay Example Mass marketing increases the chances of brand recognition. Since the brand is being seen by any consumer, the level of brand recognition increases tremendously. This makes it easy for the business to expand its operations in the market. Custom marketing is cost effective. This is because it targets the potential customers of a product or a service (Kotler 24). As a result, a lot of money is not wasted trying to reach clients who are not likely to make a purchase. Custom marketing plays a critical role in attracting customer loyalty and increasing the number of referrals. This is because it informs and persuades the customers to purchase the products or services. With the increasing levels of competition in the market, custom marketing is the best strategy for business-to-business market. This is because it will address the specific needs of the customers. In addition, it will enable the company to segment the market and position them strategically in the market. However, the company should combine it with other modern marketing strategies such as the use of social media. Moreover, an in-depth research should be conducted to understand the tastes and preferences of the target

Employee Involvement Impacts in Hiring and Promotion Process of Public Assignment

Employee Involvement Impacts in Hiring and Promotion Process of Public Agencies - Assignment Example ns that affect their jobs.† Ideally, what this means is that through employee involvement, it should be possible for each member of the working hierarchy to have his or her contributions being welcomed in the course of decision making. Employee involvement is actually a leadership strategy in its own right (quote) and therefore could be said to be coherent with my area of specialization, which is public management and leadership. One other dimension or theme from which the topic that has been set can be looked at is the theme of impact of involvement on hiring and promotion process in public sectors. Indeed, employee involvement affects hiring and promotion process in a lot of ways. For example, it has been noted that it is only when the management and leadership actually opens up to all members on the staff hierarchy that the best qualities that are needed to be occupied at various sectors and departments of the organization can be identified (quote). Essentially therefore, employee involvement ensure an effective and efficient hiring and promotion process because there is the guarantee that all members on the staff will bring together their inputs and ideas in the course of decision and during the actual implementation of hiring and promotion and so much can be achieved within a limited time frame and with limited resources. One other impact that employee involvement has also been found to bring on the hir ing and promotion process is that it ensures and guarantees a very peaceful well accepted process. In effect, all forms of organizational and employee conflicts and post hiring and promotion disputes are minimized (quote). In the light of the discussions above, it can be seen that the research would have a lot of influential contributions on the field of study, which is the field of public policy andadministration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Support your Application Assignment with specific references to all resources used in its preparation. You are asked to provide a

Home Depot case study for Strategic management for mba class

Home Depot for Strategic management for mba class - Case Study Example Switching costs were low in this industry and this situation assisted consumers to change their retailers easily. In addition, the industry faced threat of substitutes because many products had close substitutes available. In 2006, buyers’ bargaining power was high as they had different market options and good understanding of various brand choices. In contrast, supplier power was low as majority of the retail players received suppliers from a large number of distinct vendors. Need of high initial capital investment eliminated the threat of new entrants to some extent at that time. The home improvement industry underwent tremendous changes over the next six years. Degree of rivalry got intensified because the price factor became paramount. As compared to 2006, threat of substitutes became higher in 2011 mainly because of the innovation and development of improved substitute products. By 2011, the industry adapted to a competitive pricing strategy and this situation added furth er value to buyer bargaining power. Naturally, suppliers were also forced to provide material to retailers at minimum cost; hence, supplier power further declined in 2011. Similarly, threat of new entrants also reduced to a considerable extent because new entrants found it difficult to confront with huge players like Wal-Mart. 2. While analyzing the market environment of the Home Depot for the year 2006, brand awareness seems to be the most competitive strength of the company. The Home Depot was the world’s largest home improvement retailer during that time, and this dominance boosted its brand awareness. Increased utilization of rapid deployment centers also added to the strength of the company as this strategy contributed to the efficient supply chain operations. In addition, the organization’s simple and distinct business model has entirely changed the way consumers shop home improvement

Employee Involvement Impacts in Hiring and Promotion Process of Public Assignment

Employee Involvement Impacts in Hiring and Promotion Process of Public Agencies - Assignment Example ns that affect their jobs.† Ideally, what this means is that through employee involvement, it should be possible for each member of the working hierarchy to have his or her contributions being welcomed in the course of decision making. Employee involvement is actually a leadership strategy in its own right (quote) and therefore could be said to be coherent with my area of specialization, which is public management and leadership. One other dimension or theme from which the topic that has been set can be looked at is the theme of impact of involvement on hiring and promotion process in public sectors. Indeed, employee involvement affects hiring and promotion process in a lot of ways. For example, it has been noted that it is only when the management and leadership actually opens up to all members on the staff hierarchy that the best qualities that are needed to be occupied at various sectors and departments of the organization can be identified (quote). Essentially therefore, employee involvement ensure an effective and efficient hiring and promotion process because there is the guarantee that all members on the staff will bring together their inputs and ideas in the course of decision and during the actual implementation of hiring and promotion and so much can be achieved within a limited time frame and with limited resources. One other impact that employee involvement has also been found to bring on the hir ing and promotion process is that it ensures and guarantees a very peaceful well accepted process. In effect, all forms of organizational and employee conflicts and post hiring and promotion disputes are minimized (quote). In the light of the discussions above, it can be seen that the research would have a lot of influential contributions on the field of study, which is the field of public policy andadministration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Support your Application Assignment with specific references to all resources used in its preparation. You are asked to provide a

Deloneys view of age Essay Example for Free

Deloneys view of age Essay The word ‘age’ is also paired with the adjective ‘crabbed’, however the word ’youth’ is not attached to any word and seems almost completely separate. Youth seems quite isolated from the word ‘age’ and could represent how nowadays parents and children are quite segregated from each other. As well as the word being isolated, it seems to be independent, as it is not relying on an adjective to describe itself. Following onto the point of where I had written that parents and children are isolated from one another, this is clearly demonstrated to us in ‘Romeo and Juliet’, throughout the play, as well as in ‘crabbed age and youth’, when it is written that they ‘cannot live together’. The isolation between a parent and child, can be expressed due to the fact that these two humans are both from different generations, and have been brought up to have different opinions, or in some cases, completely contrasting opinions and as a consequence have little or nothing in common. For example in ‘Follower’ we are not informed of any similarities between the father and son, however the fact that the verb stumble appears twice and that both the father and the son have experienced it, suggests that this is the only thing of which they have in common. Another example is in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ where we see at the beginning of the play Capulet displaying a willingness to become a better parent as he attempts to understand Juliet’s thoughts and emotions by saying to Paris that Juliet is too â€Å"ripe to be a bride†. This portrays to us a parent who is willing to change their own opinion in a matter. in the Elizabethan era it was considered normal for a 14 year old to be married and expecting children, which is made clear to us when Paris says to Capulet ‘younger than she (Juliet) are happy mothers made’, to which Capulet answers by saying that young mothers are ‘too soon marr’d’. By defending his and his daughter’s actions, shows him to be a protective father. There is no doubt that along the path of parenthood there will be clashes between a parent and child, of which the child or parent feels that they ‘cannot live together’, due to different factors, the most prominent of which is a severe clash of opinions. We know not to take the line ‘cannot live together’ literally, because Deloney is talking about the two opinions of the youth and the old and how they are so severely differentiated, almost contradictory. I translate this stanza to mean that the two opinions are so contradictory that neither can win the argument. I can refer this to the poem ‘Catrin’, in which Gillian Clarke talks about a ‘red rope of love’ which represents the bond that a parent and child have. To demonstrate how contradictory these 2 opinions are, Deloney offers us a variety of antithesis, such as â€Å"Youth like summer†¦ Age like winter†, â€Å"Youth is hot†¦ Age is Cold†. The roles in this parent child relationship are clear to us; Capulet even tells us that he thinks of Juliet as a ‘whining mammet’. A mammet is a puppet, and so obviously a puppet needs a puppeteer, and due to how Capulet acts in this scene, it is evident that he is the puppeteer. This hierarchy of a parent and child is also shown in ‘Follower’, when Heaney describes his father to be a ‘full sail strung’ and that ‘horses strained at his clicking tongue’. By saying that even ‘horses strained at his clicking tongue’ shows how much power and authority his father had; he had to do such little, to get the horses to do a lot of work. The fact that an animal listens to him, demonstrates just how powerful he is. Deloney also thinks that age and youth are completely opposite by saying ‘age like winter weather; Youth like summer brave’. By using two completely opposite seasons of the year, Deloney is also pointing out that parents and children are also completely opposite. For example it is hot in summer and cold in winter, it cannot be hot in winter and cold in summer, however when we get too hot, we wish for it to be cooler and when we are cold, we wish for it to be hot. Similarly, when we are old we desire to be young, and when we are young we wish to be older or you could say when children are in need of parents, they may not be here, but that when they are here, you do not need them vice versa. If we were to interpret this to fit the role of a parent child relationship then we would say that when as children we become older and our parents eventually die, suddenly we seem to miss them immensely. So by using antithesis, the poet is basically telling us that once a parent or child is deceased, we learn how much we appreciated them. I feel it is a shame that we only realise things like this once it has been taken from us. This is shown in Romeo and Juliet when Capulet discovers that his daughter has apparently died from depression, he feels overwhelmed and his true feelings for Juliet are revealed as he says ‘with my child are my joys buried’, however when she was alive (in act 3 scene 5), he did not seem to care if she were to ‘die in the streets’.