Macroeconomic Analysis Japan - 3941 Words

| |Japan: Macroeconomic Analysis | | | | |Juan Pablo Giraudo | | |†¦show more content†¦In addition to the causes above, the following events have further deepened Japan’s economic situation during the Lost Decades: 1. Asian Banking Crisis 1997-1998 2. The Dotcom crisis 2001 3. The Financial Crisis 2008 Macroeconomic Analysis: GDP Japan ranks as the third largest economy in the world as of 2010. The GDP at current prices in US dollars in Japan was reported at 5068.06 billion in 2009, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Japan’s resurgence after World War II has however reached an inflection point in yearly 1989 after the burst of Japan’s asset price and real estate bubbles. As can be seen from the graph below, Japan’s GDP has hovered around the same level through more than 20 years of economic stagnation. The GDP’s slow growth has been exacerbated by the world financial crisis of 2008. A major landmark of Japan’s stagnation has been the BOJ’s fight against deflation. [pic] [pic] However taking into consideration Japan’s GDP deflator and applying a constant price we can see that Japan’s GDP growth does not look so bleak. [pic] In fact until the world economic crisis of 2008 Real GDP has been rising almost every year. There is no denying that during the Lost Decades Japan’s economic growth has stagnated (average annual GDP Growth was 2.20 percent from 1991 to 2010), unemployment rose from 2.1% in 1991 to 4.7% in 2000 and that generally theShow MoreRelatedA Study of the Macroeconomic Indicators1438 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomic indicators The period from 2008 through today has been a highly difficult one, with countries struggling to support their national economies, to reduce costs and guarantee the living standards of their populations. At a general level, the recent years have manifested an economic crisis of a gravity unwitnessed since the Great Depression of 1929-1933. At a more particular level however, a deeper analysis would be conducted through the analysis of four economic indicators in four importantRead MoreEconomic Conditions Applied For Farmers Bank Trust1392 Words   |  6 PagesCompletion Date Farmers Bank Trust Texarkana, TX TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...i TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 GLOBAL MACROECONOMIC SNAPSHOT AND FORECAST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 MACROECONOMIC SNAPSHOT AND FORECAST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. FORECAST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS APPLIED TO FARMERS BANK TRUST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreQuestions On Arbitrage Pricing Theory1493 Words   |  6 Pagestopic and the motive behind it) This study aims to add values in setting a priori in APT studies by regressing SP financial sectors returns data on various macroeconomic variables. †¢ Brief summary of findings †¢ A paragraph describing layout of the rest of the paper In this study, by regressing y on different independent macroeconomic variables, Once sensitivities to factors are estimated, By identifying correct factors and estimating sensitivity, the expected return of financial assetsRead MoreAmerican Dollar vs Japanese Yen910 Words   |  4 Pagesin the paper and afterwards an analysis of both the currencies shall be presented. 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The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars Free Essays

string(165) " notably to Uganda and Burundi, where they formed a guerrilla organisation known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front \(RPF\), with the aim of overturning the new regime\." Introduction Genocide in Rwanda, 1994 Throughout the period of the twentieth century it is believed that more people died during genocides than in wars (Helen Fein 1993:81), despite this staggering claim, the genocides have received noticeably less attention than the recent wars of the twentieth century. There exist many varied definitions of genocide, to state one; â€Å"a form of one-sided mass killing in which the state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are identified by the perpetrator† (Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, 1990) This very similar to the UN definition also used by such agencies as Medecins Sans frontiers (Destexhe 1995), the definition included in the 1948 convention states (Article 2): ‘In the Present convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: A) Killing members of the group; B) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; C) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; D) Imposing measures intending to prevent births within the group; E)Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.’ Furthermore as Article 1 reiterates ‘genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which [the Contracting Parties to the Convention] undertake to prevent and punish’. We will write a custom essay sample on The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars or any similar topic only for you Order Now The UN definition of genocide highlights in Article 2 the difference between direct and indirect killings, the latter being techniques such as birth control however they both share the same aim; biological destruction of the group. In addition the UN definition for political reasons excludes mass killing, this definition continues to be up for debate for example Helen Fein (London sage: 1993) views genocide as; â€Å"†¦sustained purposeful action by a perpetrator to physically destroy a collectivity, directly or indirectly, through interdiction of the biological and social reproduction of group members, sustained regardless of the surrender or lack of threat offered by the victim†. An exact definition of genocide had direct repercussions when investigating and treating the individuals or groups responsible, it is possible that the potentially guilty party who controlled the genocide may contest the accusation of genocide, stating the actions taken took place in self defence or even under conditions of civil war. They may also believe that those held responsible should be tried under war crimes and not under the crime of genocide, which is described as a crime against humanity under international law (Republic of Rwanda 1995:31). Throughout this case study I intend to provide a detailed insight into the horrific Rwandan genocide during 1994. Jean Kambanda created history on 1 May, 1998 becoming the first person to ever plead guilty to the crime of genocide at an international court hearing. Kambanda, the prime minister of the Rwandan government, not only planned but instigated the mass attacks and in turn killings in 1994. With the logistics of the genocide overseen by Kambanda, local authorities had enough people in place to initiate the killings; those who were not willing to cooperate with the orders were simply murdered. Furthermore he commissioned an ambience of anger and paranoia, initiated violence and as a result eventually oversaw mass murder. Kambanda as a result was convicted on all six counts and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Kambanda’s politics during his spell in government can be described as irrational and extreme; an underlying theme to his work was exclusion of Tutsis, believing them to be evil. In order to fully comprehend the reasons behind the genocide in Rwanda, it’s important to understand the history behind it. The origins of Rwanda’s genocide can be traced back a hundred years previous, when in 1894 the King of Rwanda welcomed Gustav Adolf von Gotzen, a German count, to his court. Ten years previously at the Berlin conference Rwanda was gifted to Germany as Africa was divided amongst the European superpowers. Belgium took control of Rwanda in 1916, until 1962 when independence was gained. The Belgians favoured the Tutsi minority (Between 8 and 14 percent of the population at the time of the genocide) granting them preferential status. The ethnic relations between the Tutsis and the Hutus (At least 85% of the population in 1999) were respectable, furthermore they were not believed to be distinct races or tribes, thus Hutu and Tutsis conflict didn’t occur often. Furthermore any tension that existed between the two ‘tribes’ was increased further and highlighted by the Belgian colonial policy. Gerard Prunier (1997:5) believes that â€Å"Each group had an average dominant somatic type, even if not every one of its individual members conformed to it.† With the Hutu being generally a small, stocky somatic type, â€Å"a standard Bantu physical aspect†, in comparison the Tutsi were generally tall and thin. However on the flip side Gunter (1955:672-7) believes ‘there were gross exaggerations of the physical characteristics between Hutu and the taller Tutsi, with the aristocratic minority invariably being compared with the majority of farmers and servants.’ Furthermore the colonisers implemented an identity card system in 1933, this categorised every Rwandan as Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa (The latter being an aboriginal group that before the genocide in 1990 accounted for 1 percent of the population). The identity cards in question were retained during the post independence era, this providing information to the architects of the genocide, as they located their Tutsi victims and Hutu opponents. The Tutsi, who were deemed better educated and more prosperous, headed the campaign for independence after World War II. As a result the Belgians changed allegiance, now backing the Hutus. The change in allegiance let vengeful Hutu components murdered approximately 15,000 Tutsis over a three year period between 1959 and 1962, as Prunier (1997:63) states ‘ Violence in Rwanda forced many Tutsi into exile between 1959 and 1964, then again during 1972-3, amounting to approximately 600000-700000 people’. The Tutsi fled notably to Uganda and Burundi, where they formed a guerrilla organisation known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), with the aim of overturning the new regime. You read "The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars" in category "Essay examples" This aim came to fruition in 1990, when the RPF invaded and occupied the north east of Rwanda. In August 1993 Habyarimana finally accepted an internationally-mediated peace treaty, providing the R PF with a share of political power and a military presence in Kigali. As a result the UN deployed 5,000 peacekeepers to oversee issues, referred to as UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda). However there is a school of thought that believes the Rwandan government, despite to treaty, didn’t accept the peace agreement. In addition some government’ officials and high ranked military officers had at that point designed personal ways to combat the Tutsi ‘issue’ as early as 1992. Habyarimana’s controversial decision to make peace with the RPF won others over to their side, including opposition leaders. Many believed themselves to be patriots when involved in the genocide. The above situation was referred to as the ‘Hutu power’ movement, this movement included moderate Hutu’s who opposed the genocide, which organised and supervised the genocide of April-July 1994. Additionally not only a strong sense of secrecy but a false sense of security combined to disarm the majority who were murdered during the genocide, Friedlander (1997: 60-1) described the situation pre genocide as an ‘illusion of normality’. It is thought that a great deal of the Tutsi contingent based in Rwanda failed to anticipate the imminent genocide of 1994, despite mounting evidence that something was being planned, including periodic killings of innocent and unarmed Tutsi’s. Covert actions were an important dimension of the Rwandan regime’s close political control, and were especially effective in a highly stratified society, where power differentials had long been taken for granted (Maquet 1961). Some high profile politicians and public figures had consistently voiced an opinion that the Tutsi ‘had it coming to them’, however references to a potential future genocide were few and far between. Firm statements of intent were rare, furth ermore the rumours that indicated a potential planned genocide in fact served further to disarm the Tutsi contingent of Rwanda, by appearing to ’cry wolf’. Had the Tutsi believed the genocide to be possible a greater number would have fled the country before April 1994 (Chretien 1995: Reyntjens 1994). According to Clapham (1998:209), ‘groups who sought a genocidal solution’ used the period of the Arusha negotiations to prepare for the genocide, and had no intention of agreeing with the terms of any settlement. Ambiguity was deliberately cultivated during preparation for the genocide, and even during its implementation. April 6th 1994, the day that is widely thought to have triggered the holocaust in Rwanda. Presidents Habyarimana was assassinated when his plane was shot down from the sky by a surface to air missile as the plane approached Kigali airport. Although responsibility for the assassination has never been resolved, many believe that the Hutu extremists had opted to remove their president, who had previously allowed the Tutsi back into government, and initiate a ‘solution’ to the Tutsi ‘problem’. This is thought due to the speed with which the genocide was effectively launched. Within 24 hours of the president’s plane being shot down, roadblocks sprang up around the Kigali. The interahamwe ( â€Å"those who help one another†) militia controlled these roadblocks. In addition to this the Tutsi were segregated and hacked to death with machetes at roadside, however because of the perceived physical differences between the two ‘racial’ groups many taller Hutus were also killed. Furthermore death squads were established and given targets, both Tutsi and moderate Hutu, including the prime minister Agate Uwilingiyimana. The genocide quickly expanded from the capital city to more rural areas. The official sanction to kill originated from government state, but the killings were also conducted by normal people and quickly established militia’s, the astounding issue here is why were the population of Rwanda so determined to kill. Prunier (1997:140-1) proposed the ideal of the manipulation of certain group identities; â€Å"In a world where illiteracy is still the rule, where most of the population has horizons which are limited to their parochial world, where ideologies are bizarre foreign gadgets reserved for intellectuals, solidarity is best understood in terms of close community. In turn, these positive (or negative) group feelings are manipulated by the elite in their struggles for controlling the scarce and even shrinking financial, cultural and political resources.† However the reason could lie in the culture of Rwanda, a culture that embodies obedience to authority. The incursions and attacks of the PRF prior to the genocide made the Hutu’s perceive every Tutsi as a threat even more so. It is estimated that in just two weeks after the start of the genocide, approximately a quarter of a million Tutsis and moderate Hutus had been murdered. Alongside the mass murder of Soviet prisoners of war during World War II, it is thought to be the most concentrated act of genocide ever; â€Å" The dead of Rwanda accumulated at nearly three times the rate of Jewish dead during the Holocaust.† (Gourevitch 1998:3), however Prunier (1997:261)believes the killings happened at an ever faster rate; â€Å" The daily killing rate was at least five times that of the Nazi death camps.† On a slightly more specific note, the gender aspects of the brutal killings is one of the least investigated factors of the Rwandan genocide. Judy El-Bushra states: â€Å"During the war of 1994, and particularly as a result of the genocide massacres which precipitated it, it was principally the men of the targeted populations who lost their lives or fled to other countries in fear. †¦ This targeting of men for slaughter was not confined to adults: boys were similarly decimated, raising the possibility that the demographic imbalance will continue for generations. Large numbers of women also lost their lives; however, mutilation and rape were the principal strategies used against women, and these did not necessarily result in death.† (El-Bushra, â€Å"200:73). This trend can be seen throughout the early 1990’s when Tutsi males were murdered as they were presumed to be part of the RPF organisation. ‘Throughout the genocide orders to kill were passed down from the top, and the majority who refused to kill were often killed’ (Gourevitch 1997:44-51), an example of this can be seen when the prefect of Butare refused to order Hutu to murder the Tutsis, he was killed and replaced by militia’s from the north (Prunier 1995:261; Article 19 1996:57). As a result all social ties were abolished, leaving a situation where ‘pupils were killed by their teachers, shop owners by their customers, neighbour killed neighbour and husband killed wives in order to save them from a more terrible death’ ( Destexhe 1995:31). The Hutu used physical features as a guide during the genocide, such as a ‘long nose, long fingers or height (were) considered a sufficient basis for a sentence of death’ (African rights 1996:45), however as Clapham (1998:197) states ‘the blurred vision between the two ‘ethnic groups’ could not be taken as a reliable identity indicator’. On the topic Prunier (1995: 198,142) states that ‘Chopping up men was â€Å"bush clearing† and slaughtering women and children was â€Å"pulling out the roots of the bad weeds†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. As mentioned above the Tutsis and moderate Hutu males were almost exclusively targeted prior the genocide and in fact in its early stages, however there exist strong evidence that between April and June 1994 the gendering of the genocide altered, with more women and children being murdered in the later stages. Alison Des Forges in a 1999 report on the genocide wrote; â€Å"In the past Rwandans had not usually killed women in conflicts and at the beginning of the genocide assailants often spared them. When militia had wanted to kill women during an attack in Kigali in late April, for example, Renzaho [a principal leader of the genocide] had intervened to stop it. Killers in Gikongoro told a woman that she was safe because ‘Sex has no ethnic group.’ The number of attacks against women [from mid-May onwards], all at about the same time, indicates that a decision to kill women had been made at the national level and was being implemented in local communities.† (See Hu man Rights Watch, â€Å"Mid-May Slaughter: Women and Children as Victims,† in Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda.) As briefly discussed the Tutsi formed an organisation called the RPF, as soon as the genocide erupted the RPF launched an attack on Kigali. As a result the government resistance was destroyed; this eventually brought an end to the genocide in many areas of the country. On July 4 1994, Kigali fell to the RPF and in turn the genocide came to an end on July 18th. It is difficult to establish an accurate death toll for the genocide, a figure of 800,000 is generally accepted, although this remains unclear. This figure provided by the Human Rights Watch and is based upon a 1991 census, thus not taking into account the number of other victims of the genocide. However Philippe Gaillard estimates that up to one million people were killed, this confirmed by Charles Petrie, the deputy co-ordinator of the UN Rwanda Emergency Office. Additionally in a preliminary report published by the Rwanda Military of Local Government in December 2001, the figure of just over one million casualties is cited, based on a census in July 2000. The report states that 93.7% of the victims being killed because they were Tutsi; 1% because they had some form of relations with Tutsis; 0.8% because they looked like Tutsis; and 0.8% because they opposed the Hutu movement. Furthermore young people were particularly targeted, as 53.7% of the victims were between 0 and 24 years of age. Furthermore the strategy behind the Rwandan genocide was created and implemented by a small contingent of government officials, led by Bagosora, a Hutu extremist. Bagosora, a retired army colonel, held the position of defence minister at the time of Habyarimana’s assassination. Agathe Habyarimana, the wife of the former president, Bagosora acted quickly in not only organising the genocide but rallying government support. These leaders exploited the highly-centralized nature of the Rwandan state, â€Å"The genocide happened not because the state was weak, but on the contrary because it was so totalitarian and strong that it had the capacity to make its subjects obey absolutely any order, including one of mass slaughter.† (Prunier1995:353-54.). Reyntjens (1996:244-5) believed the ‘Rwandan peoples tendency for obedient compliance, aided in facilitating the ruthless efficiency of the 1994 genocide’. There can exist no simple explanation to the genocide, a numb ers of causes may have aided in contribution, such as; colonial ideology of racial division (identity cards, preferential status to Tutsi then change of allegiance); political and economic struggles prior 1994; the nature of their organised society; and finally the fragile regional and class base of a political fraction determined to retain state power at any cost, which perhaps resulted in the mass killings To conclude I believe I have provided an extensive background to the genocide in Rwanda, which is crucial when aiming to understand to reasons behind the genocide leaving approximately one million dead. Furthermore I have provided an overview of surrounding factors that contributed to the violence and a detailed account of the genocide. References: Melvern ,Linda, (2004), Conspiracy To Murder The Rwandan Genocide, Verso African Rights. (1995). Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance. Revised edition. London Hintjens, Helen M, (1999), Explaining The 1994 Genocide In Rwanda, The Journal Of Modern African Studies, Cambridge University Press, [Online] Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/161847?Search=yessearchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3Diid%253A10.2307%252Fi301388%26Query%3D258%26wc%3Don Accessed: 30-4-2011 Martin, Brian, (2009), Managing Outrage Over Genocide: Case Study Rwanda, [Online] Available at: http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/09gcps.html#_ftn2 Accessed : 24-4-2011 Rwanda: How The Genocide Happened, [Online] Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1288230.stm Accessed on: 30-4-2011 Webster, Colin, (2007), Understanding Race and Crime, Open University Press, [Online] Available at:http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780335230396 Accessed on: 18-5-2011 Institute for the study of Genocide, [Online] Available at http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/oldsite/definitions/def_genocide.html Accessed on 18-5-2011 Accessed on 18-52011 Fein, Helen, 1992, Accounting for genocide after 1945: Theories and Some Findings International journal on group rights 1, no.2:79-106, Kluwer academic publishers Gourevitch, Philip, 1998, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda, [Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998], p. 3.), St. Martins Press How to cite The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars, Essay examples

Nonverbal Signals in IT Workplace

Question: Discuss about theNonverbal Signals in IT Workplace. Answer: Introduction Nonverbal communication is a mode which is used almost Sixty percent more than the other modes of communication. Nonverbal communication helps IT employees to depict a message from the sender vocally, as well as with the right body gestures and signals. Body signals include physical features, unconscious as well as conscious gestures, signals and even the intercession of the personal space. A wrong message can likewise be conveyed if actions body language of the presenter does not match with the verbal message. Nonverbal communication fortifies the first impression within the common circumstances such as attracting the partners. This study includes the reports about the importance of non verbal communication in IT atmosphere. Importance of Emotional and Non-Verbal Signals in IT Workplace NonVerbal Communication: Nonverbal communication includes various expressions while the speaker communicates with other employees. Physical examples of nonverbal communication include postures, physiological responses, eye contact, touch, gestures as well as the way of movement. Clothing and endorsement styles both are also considered as types of the nonverbal communication (Davidson, 2004). Nonverbal Signals The tone of voice: The manner of speaking is a style or method through which the IT speakers express their views about the message. It is additionally a method in which employee looks for the response from the listener. Vocally produced noises: Spoken communication is linked by vocally created noises which are not viewed as a component of language and to present the mentality and feelings of the presenter in an effective manner. Body gestures: A body gesture is a change made with a part, especially with hands, to confirm, express and emphasize the presenters attitude and intention. Facial expressions, as well as eye movement: The presenter's attitude, Intentions, and emotions, are communicated through Facial expressions and eye contact. Speakers face is a basic source of feelings and emotions examples of facial expressions are smile or raised an eyebrow (Furnham Petrova, 2010). Importance of Nonverbal Signals Importance of Emotional Signals Individuals who are emotionally intelligent surely know their weaknesses and strengths. They are usually capable of promoting themselves as well as others also in negative circumstances. They generally work in groups and in teams and have the leadership quality, better management resources and moreover they can understand as well as detect their own and the others emotions (McGettigan Scott, 2014). Emotional signals to convey messages is not just a rational or cognitive activity, however, it also includes the emotions which are connected with thoughts of IT employees. Naturally, the translator can diverge in their cognition to interpret workers behavior within the IT organization. For example, smile is an emotional nonverbal signal and a pleasant or natural smile help to establish and sustain relationships with employees and partners at the workplace (Kanampiu, 2014). Emotional signals support to earn a goodwill at the workspace. IT organizations beautiful emotional signals are used to perform daily transactions with customers and colleagues. Importance of Non Verbal Communication Information of nonverbal communication in IT business is assumed in two parts. Administrators utilize the nonverbal communication in order to viably lead different representatives and colleagues. Team members and Colleagues in the IT business, whether they understand the communication or not, utilize nonverbal signals to communicate data to people outside the IT business even if they are either the customers, contenders or partners in the IT industry (Rominiecka, 2008). IT association managers and CEO's gain many benefits by learning about the nonverbal communication as well as its potential advantages. Nonverbal communication expands the chance to interface with associates, contenders, customers and its potential customers through approaches outside the organization (Kashihara, 2014). Stance, vocal tone as well as eye contact can convey delicate messages that strengthen aforesaid to deliver consistency and reliability. Another advantage is that the nonverbal communication signals an d emotional nonverbal communication signals can exhibit quality, energy, and demonstrable skill through clothing decision and dynamic listening prompts the capacity to display any message effectively. Emotions or other Nonverbal communication signals can assume an exceptional part in universal IT industries business settings where even with the guide of interpreters might be a precision of expectations and offers. In IT business, nonverbal communication signals can assert and misrepresent the words really being talked. At IT workplace decent communication is imperative to attain a decent quality of comprehension with each other as well as to have a greatness of interfacing with other partners. Nonverbal signals include the communication between the individuals that don't have any direct verbal interpretation. They are like body movements or orientations, refinement of voice, details of clothing, facial expressions, selection as well as movements of items that convey. Time, as well as space, can likewise be seen as nonverbal signals to communicate in the IT industry. Since nonverbal signals are sent principally from the "enthusiastic brain" instead of the misleaders who present more revealing and honest messages (Kidwell Hasford, 2014). Nonverbal signals can help IT, representatives, to decide others' inspirations and investigate business collaborations with substantially more profoundly, and understanding than can originate from basically depending on talked and printed words. Experts who comprehend nonverbal signs can assess what their customers, clients, and colleagues are truly telling them and keeping in mind the end goal to know how to better address their issues. Bo sses can assess the messages their representatives are sending to clients as well as to customers and know whether that worker is harming or helping the business also, representatives can figure out how to peruse the unpretentious signs a manager is sending with a specific end goal to alter their behavior likewise (Korczynski, 2003). Conclusion In this study, it has been concluded that the nonverbal communication signals are driven in today's IT business. Using images and motions managers and employees of IT organizations encourage emphasizing the advantages of nonverbal signals. As the technology also proves that verbal communication which is necessary for daily life has become less important. On the other hand, nonverbal communication signals are utilized by many IT industries as well as they play a significant role within IT organization to attain different benefits. IT employees can take benefit from the effective nonverbal communication signals within their interpersonal relationships and careers. References Davidson, C. (2004). The directory of signs signals. New York: Chartwell Books. Furnham, A. Petrova, E. (2010). Body language in business. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Kanampiu, M. (2014). Using non-verbal social signals and degree centrality to optimise a covert actor's detection scheme for a healthy networked community. International Journal Of Information Privacy, Security And Integrity, 2(1), 21. Kashihara, K. (2014). A brain-computer interface for potential non-verbal facial communication based on EEG signals related to specific emotions. Front. Neurosci., 8. Kidwell, B. Hasford, J. (2014). Emotional Ability and Nonverbal Communication. Psychology Marketing, 31(7), 526-538. Korczynski, M. (2003). Communities of Coping: Collective Emotional Labour in Service Work. Organization, 10(1), 55-79. McGettigan, C. Scott, S. (2014). Voluntary and involuntary processes affect the production of verbal and non-verbal signals by the human voice. Behavioral And Brain Sciences, 37(06), 564-565. Rominiecka, M. (2008). Non-Verbal Cues in Politics: An Analysis of Gestural Signals sent by American and European Politicians. Poznań Studies In Contemporary Linguistics, 44(2).

Sports Nutrition Essay Example For Students

Sports Nutrition Essay 1.An athletes diet has a large effect on his/her athletic performance 2.What an athlete eats is an integral part of his/her training, and will effect every aspect of their athletic performance B.State why Sports Nutrition Essay is different from general nutrition. A. How many servings of each food group should an athlete eat? (food pyramid) B.RDAs What they are, What they mean, How to use them C.The Goal is to gain weight by increasing muscle mass and losing fat. 1.Eat foods high in protein, complex carbohydrates, and nutrients 2.Avoid junk foods; foods low in anything good and high in fat and sugar. D.Dont eat too much or too little food. 1.Eating too much food will increase your body fat percentage 2.If you dont eat enough food, you will not have enough energy to work out, and you will not have the nutrients and protein available to build muscle. 1. We will write a custom essay on Sports Nutrition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Increased benefit from training, for both aerobic (endurance) and anaerobic (power). 2.Increase muscle mass, and Reduced fat. 3.Bigger, Faster, Stronger. This is good for any competitive sport B. In General: Eating well will help everything in your life, from your mood to your appearance. Also eating well reduces the risk of every disease under the sun. IV: Effects of a poor diet for athletes: F.Decreased fuel in muscle for intense (anaerobic) activity 1.Eat a variety of good foods, Try to stick to the groups in the food pyramid, and eat a variety of foods within each group. 2. Balance the amount of food you eat with your amount of activity. a.While you are in season or while you are working out intensely, you will need more food than when you are laying on the beach on your vacation. 4.Lots of Grain products, Vegetables, Fruit, Complex Carbohydrates, Fiber, and Protein. 5. Cut back on Fat (especially saturated fat), and sodium (salt) 6.Dont Drink, or at least dont drink too much too often. 2. This section will be a bunch of substitute foods that will help improve an athletes diet. VI: Conclusion: What you eat effects your performance on the field. When you are eating keep this in mind. For a general rule dont worry too much about how much you eat worry about what you eat. Try to eat foods that have high nutrition density, that is foods that have a lot of nutrients for the amount of calories that they have. Note: All of the research that I have done so far comes from my fitness and wellness textbook and my football summer conditioning manual. I cannot turn either of these things in. Bibliography: .

How to Write a Series of Novels Your Readers Will Love

How to Write a Series of Novels Your Readers Will Love How to Write a Series of Novels Your Readers Will Love Each installment must both stand alone and work as part of the whole. You’re forced to keep up with all the elements you exploit in a single novel and make sure they serve the entire entity: characters, plot, settings, everything. Having written six adult series and ten children’s series, I can say I learned quickly that I had to re-read the previous title before starting the next, every time. Was that really necessary? The one time I tried to shortcut the process I found myself more than halfway through the writing of the next title in The Left Behind Seriesâ„ ¢ when I had a sinking feeling. One of the global curses I had included was a decrease in the power of the sun by one-third. So my characters in the desert suddenly had to wear long pants, sweaters, coats, hats. Made sense. But hadn’t that curse been lifted near the end of the previous title? A rather significant development, if I was right. And I was. A fast re-read of that previous title confirmed my suspicion. The desert was back to full aridity. I had to go back to the beginning of the current manuscript and re-dress my characters! Need help with time management?  Click here to download my free guide: How to Maximize Your Writing Time. A Crucial Checklist Navigating the delicate balance between satisfying your reader with each book and keeping them longing for the next, you must remain vigilant on many fronts. Ask yourself: Do I risk frustrating my reader by stretching the story to accommodate a series, rather than ensuring that each title works on its own? Am I able to keep each installment relatively similar in length and time span covered? Have I provided enough variety in voice, narrator, and perspective characters without jeopardizing the consistency of the message and tone?   3 Tips to Writing a Great Series 1. Remember that Publishers Love Series Left Behind began as a one-book deal. The idea was to tell the story of the Rapture, including the seven-year Tribulation (including 21 judgments from heaven). Halfway through the writing of that manuscript I realized I had covered only two weeks of the seven years. With great trepidation, I informed the publisher, Tyndale House, that I was afraid the story would require at least a trilogy. They immediately rewrote the contract and urged me to let the story dictate the length. My editor reminded me that publishers love series because they get more bang for the buck. If the overall plot can bear it, multiple titles allow advertising and promotion that much more impact for virtually the same price. The individual titles themselves promote the whole. Halfway through the writing of book two, I had covered two months of the seven years. Another phone call. Another rewritten contract to make the series seven titles. Eventually Left Behind became a series of 16 titles. 2. Keep Character Arc Paramount The main reason I couldn’t force 21 dramatic judgments from heaven into one big novel was that with such a huge, cosmic concept, my characters had to be realistic and believable. If the entire novel was filled with slam bang action, my characters would have become props, stick figures on which to hang a sort of comic book tale. My message in this story is that while it was cast as fiction- putting made-up characters in the way of these dire prophecies- I believe it’s true and will happen some day. So to lend credence to that theme, my characters had to be easily identified with. The reader had to be able to see himself in these situations and resonate- or not- with the decisions of very realistic people. Character arc takes time, and pages. It can’t flag and get boring, but neither can it be shortcut. In a series, readers expect characters to grow in each book and throughout the entire package. 3. Each Novel Must Satisfy On Its Own This is where too many novelists stumble. They succumb to the temptation to â€Å"save the good stuff† for the final book. Better to give your all to each title and, in essence, have to start from scratch with each new one. Naturally, the overall story itself needs to continue, but force yourself to write each novel as if it’s the last in terms of intrigue, suspense, conflict, dialogue, character arc, all of it. That will guarantee that the reader will get your best with every installment and one won’t dip in quality or serve only as a connector title to keep the series going. Need help with time management?  Click here to download my free guide: How to Maximize Your Writing Time. Do you have questions about how to write a series? Ask me in the comments.

Find Your New Job In 6 Steps

Find Your New Job In 6 Steps Janet Flewelling, managing director at business advisor Insperity, has six essential tips for job seekers hoping to stand out from the crowd. They may seem intuitive, but many a promising candidate has stumbled over one or more of these steps and bungled a potential opportunity. 1. Identify Recent AchievementsThis is the foundation of your next several steps. Take stock of your past year of employment and make notes of accomplishments and milestones to highlight in your resume, networking conversations, and interviews.2. Refresh Your ResumeFor every position you’re applying for, created a tailored version of your resume. Make sure there are no extraneous outdated positions, no expired contact information, no irrelevant experience. Add any recent awards or recognition, related volunteer experience, certifications, and current responsibilities that may grab a hiring manager’s attention. Be sure you use industry keywords and specific phrases from the job posting wherever p ossible, an essential step in online applications. And of course, make sure all of your materials are impeccably proofread.3. Establish a Network of AlliesThe days of a mass email to friends and family describing what you’re looking for may be over, but the internet has plenty of online networking opportunities to offer. Use LinkedIn to ask former managers and colleagues for recommendations, send them messages to alert them to specific positions you hope to interview for–bottom line, get on their radar and stay in touch.4. Be Smart About Social MediaMake sure your social profiles are new-employer friendly, and make selected posts public so that your profile is searchable. â€Å"Like† the pages of companies you’re interested in so you can stay informed of related news items and developments–you can identify potential contacts, as well as come across as knowledgable in the event you get an interview.5. Practice InterviewingAsk friends and colleagues for their help preparing you for one-on-one interviews–the more deliberate you are about this step, the better. Make yourself a cheatsheet, like a comedian’s set list, to keep relevant anecdotes in mind. The last thing you want to do in a real interview is go blank or ramble. Decide what stories best highlight your ability, and practice delivering them in a natural, conversational style.6. Learn New SkillsPossibly the best use of your time while you’re waiting to be called back about an application is in acquiring new skills or updating your old ones. Register for conferences and seminars in your field, take local classes, pursue certifications–figure out what skills the person in your dream job has, and make sure you can say the same about yourself. Plus, these activities give you an opportunity to meet more current or aspiring people in your industry, which makes networking feel less forced and more like a gathering of like-minded individuals in pursuit of the same goals.6 tips for landing a new jobRead More at The Business Journals

Commercialism And Advertising On The Internet Essay

Commercialism And Advertising On The Internet - Essay Example The bombardment of advertisement makes the users lose focus of their real intention of work on the internet and annoys them by frequent reinforcement messages. The younger internet users get awareness regarding inappropriate merchandizes and services, such as alcohol, adult bars etc. Online commercialism is aggravating the concepts related to materialistic ideas since these advertisements cannot be ignored by internet users. The Internet has made the whole world come onto a single platform where businesses have the opportunity to access their local, as well as international clients with ease. The attraction of reaching a greater segment of customers on a global scale attracts the companies to prefer the online medium of advertising. According to an article in Business Wire by Goldberg and Silber, the first half of the year 2011 saw an increase of 23.2% in the internet ad revenues which amounted to approximately $15 billion. This figure identifies the inclination of companies towards the online commercialism and the degree to which it is increasing. The cheapness of online advertisements has given way to extensive forms of commercialism on the web. Such instances may result in making the user lose focus from his work and may simply waste his precious time. The problem does not end at the point of being annoyed by the frequent emergence of advertisements; it becomes a data storage issue for some users sinc e they receive hefty emails regarding ad campaigns and promotional messages on their personal email addresses. It is due to such constant spam that people may not receive important emails since their inbox might reach maximum storage capacity.

Quality Engineering Management of 3D Printing Research Proposal

Quality Engineering Management of 3D Printing - Research Proposal Example The introduction of the 3D printer has been one of the most remarkable examples of technological advancements through which, the users are allowed to transform any form of digital file into a physical product of three-dimensional innovations. 3D printing is highly customizable and the users can produce their desired three-dimensional objects according to their choices. The development of 3D printing has served beneficial for various manufacturing industries, creative industries, as well as within the dimension of research and education. However, there are various challenges and problems of 3D printing technology, essential to solving in order to improve the quality of output, which will be discussed in the research study. 3D printing has contributed much to the industrial sectors and individuals with its technology through which, a digital file can easily be converted into a three dimensional object. However, there are certain problems encountered when implementing the technology tha t is negatively affecting the users to obtain a desired and reliable outcome. 3D printing is used almost in every manufacturing industry such as automobiles, apparels, aircraft and firearms among others.Moreover, the technology has also contributed much in the film industries for adding various special effects to creations, especially when developing animated movies. The problems in the technology of 3D printing will negatively influence the output produced by these industries that will ultimately affect the performance of the industries.

Medical Billing and Coding Process Essay Example for Free

Medical Billing and Coding Process Essay Step One: Preregister patients-Patients who call in order to schedule an appointment have to provide basic information. General information usually includes the person’s first, middle, and last names along with their address, the reason for the encounter, their basic insurance information, and the most convenient date and time of the appointment. During the encounter: Step Two: Establish financial responsibility-The person behind the window will inform the patient on whether or not they are eligible for that specific health plan, check the factors that are covered under that health plan, determine the first payer if there are more than one health plan that actually covers that patient, and meet the payer’s conditions for the payment. Step Three: Check in patients-Returning patients are required to sign in at the front desk of the facility. They usually are asked to review previous information to make sure that it is accurate and up-to-date. Their financial records are also checked to make sure that previous balances were paid at the time of the previous visits. If a new patient arrives, they are required to fill out a form that includes their personal information and show proof of their identification as well as proof of their insurance. This helps to eliminate fraud or malpractice in the facility. The patient’s personal information and insurance information will then be copied and returned to the patient. This information is entered into the facility’s database for future reference. The front and back of the insurance cards and other identification cards are scanned and copied in order to be storied in the database. Copayments are always collected at the time of the service, some are collected before the encou nter and some are collected after the encounter. Some facilities  require other forms to be completed by the patients, these forms are included as part of the process of recording administrative and clinical facts about patients. Step Four: Review Coding Compliance-In order for billing options to be carried out to the patient, medical codes must assign the medical procedures and diagnoses. The physician does specific codes for specific treatments and procedures. The treatment that the patient receives from the physician is entered into the database. The treatment and procedures that the patient receives have to be completed and signed by the physician. At the end of the patient’s visit, the physician gives the form (with the checked-off treatments and procedures) to the individual at the front desk. That person then in turn gives the form to the billing function of the facility. After this is done, they set up a patient’s next appointment. Step Five: Review Billing Compliance-After the facility transfers the patient’s diagnoses and procedures to billing, the file is then checked by billing in order to determine if the specific billing options are correct or not, and to make sure that reimbursements are returned to the patient in a timely fashion. Every fee or charge has its own specific procedure code. Usually, the physician’s charges are applied to the medical practice’s fee schedule.

The Value Of A Jury System Essay -- essays research papers

The Value of a Jury System The Founders of our nation understood that no idea was more central to our Bill of Rights -- indeed, to government of the people, by the people, and for the people -- than the citizen jury. It was cherished not only as a bulwark against tyranny but also as an essential means of educating Americans in the habits and duties of citizenship. By enacting the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Amendments to the Constitution, the Framers sought to install the right to trial by jury as a cornerstone of a free society. The Framers of the Constitution felt that juries -- because they were composed of ordinary citizens and because they owed no financial allegiance to the government -- were indispensable to thwarting the excesses of powerful and overzealous government officials. The jury trial was the only right explicitly included in each of the state constitutions devised between 1776 and 1789 . And the criminal jury was one of few rights explicitly mentioned in the original federal constitution proposed by the Philadelphia Convention. Anti-federalists complained that the proposed constitution did not go far enough in protecting juries, and federalists eventually responded by enacting three constitutional amendments guaranteeing grand, petit, and civil juries. The need for juries was especially acute in criminal cases: A grand jury could block any prosecution it deemed unfounded or malicious, and a petit jury could likewise interpose itself on behalf of a defendant charged unfairly. The famous Zenge r case in the 1730s dramatized the libertarian advantages of juries . When New York's royal government sought to stifle its newspaper critics through criminal prosecution, New York grand juries refused to indict, and a petit jury famously refused to convict . But the Founders' vision of the jury went far beyond merely protecting defendants. The jury's democratic role was intertwined with other ideas enshrined in the Bill of Rights, including free speech and citizen militias. The jury was an essential democratic institution because it was a means by which citizens could engage in self-government. Nowhere else -- not even in the voting booth -- must Americans come together in person to deliberate over fundamental matters of justice . Jurors face a solemn obligation to overlook personal differences and prejudices to fairl... ... jury service. If the jury system is to remain a central institution of democracy and citizenship, it must be refined. Jury trials must attract engaged and thoughtful citizens; the rules of the courts must treat jurors as sovereign, self-governing citizens rather than as children. To this end, we suggest a number of reforms. In many instances, these changes would require no new laws, but merely a willingness on the part of the courts to unleash the common sense of the ordinary citizen. References Alschuler, Albert, "Our faltering jury.," Public Interest, Jan 1996, pp. 28. Culp, Douglass, "Do criminal juries let too many defendants loose?," Vol. 12, Birmingham Business Journal, 18 Dec 1995, pp. 15. Curriden, Mark, "Jury reform.," Vol. 81, ABA Journal, Nov 1995, pp. 72. McElhaney, James, "Jury instructions.," Vol. 81, ABA Journal, Nov 1995, pp. 91. Savage, David., "A jury of your peers.," Vol. 81, ABA Journal, Oct 1995, pp. 40. Zobel, Hiller, "The jury on trial.," Current, Nov 1995, pp. 8.

Maya Lin a Strong Clear Vision Essay

This documentary was very moving! I was amazed to learn that Maya Lin’s design was picked from so many! It is amazing that a board of representatives chose her design from all others. A twenty year old student had a vision that was so moving. I’ve been to the memorial many times, and it has always brought me to tears. After viewing this documentary, I had the opportunity to go see it again. This time, it meant so much more to me having heard Lin’s explanations on how she conceptualized it. Maya Lin had been viewed as a young woman who hadn’t served in the military, and as an Asian, the view became even more controversial. Various groups in the American public came forward to publicly debate whether Lin’s work adequately or appropriately memorialized the US citizens who had lost their lives in what was the most disastrous and unpopular war in US history. Groups such as military veterans’ groups, politicians as well as average citizens were making this memorial a very politically charged issue. The documentary shows Maya Lin very stoic, and stead-fast in her design. She was unwilling to redesign or give up on making this vision a reality. This speaks volumes of the type of woman Maya Lin is, even at such a young, tender age. It was as if she knew that this memorial must be made, and that the public needed this type of emotionally charged outlook! The arguments against Lin’s design centered primarily on its form, and the simple manner the design presented the memorialization of the Vietnam vets. Some people were demanding statues. One particular representative argued that the blocks be a different color than black and that they be above ground. Some groups were arguing that by putting the memorial into the ground was like â€Å"burying† them, and not honoring them. Maya Lin’s presentation is based on the premise of both presence and absence. Her design allows the viewer to be able to see themselves in the stone, while able to read the names of those who will never be physically represented again. It is a basic memorialization in presentation, but in emotion, it has a very powerful effect. At one point during the film, Lin said that she knew that the piece would make people cry, and that was the point. The rest of the documentary deals with Lin’s post-Vietnam Memorial career. Although her work portrayed in the film is very interesting, and important, it does lack the impact of the first sequence. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was such a monumental event in US history. Before the memorial, the Vietnam War had been dealt with primarily in film, poetry, and fiction. Now, it was inscribed in America’s most historically documented site, the National Mall. For me, I think that this speaks volumes of the artist herself. The simplicity of the design rend so much emotion and charge, from a soft spoken 20 year old Yale student, who since then, had not strived for notoriety, but for her art to belong to everyone. She has used this representation again with the etched words, dates and names in the polished stone she created for the Civil Rights Memorial and Women’s Table at Yale. In the film, she is portrayed as a humane artist, creating humane spaces for both the living and the dead. I am a veteran of two wars. I have served my country in both Afghanistan as well as Iraq. Of course, I have very personal ties to the feelings of misunderstanding and non-appreciation. Most veterans don’t ask for notoriety, a parade, or even a statue. What we do ask for is that our brothers and sisters that were not able to come home are memorialized and remembered properly. Not pomp and circumstance, but in subtle context. I appreciate the work of Maya Lin and think she represented that perfectly!

Obama and Romney Essay

In the midst of a heated presidential race two great leaders are vying for the affection of all of America. On the left side we have our current president Mr. Barrack Obama and on the right side his opponent Mr. Mitt Romney. On paper both are outstandingly qualified candidates and both have been trusted to hold a position of leadership over large numbers of people. Mitt Romney built his foundation through a strong career in business before becoming a politician, while President Obama stuck to the legal side of things building up his reputation as a civil rights lawyer and activist. In this review of both candidates I will attempt to unbiasedly inform the reader of their qualifications as powerful leaders including their foundations and backgrounds, their accomplishments, and their leadership capabilities. It seems justifiable to start with educational backgrounds as that is where both candidates began to really assume leadership positions. In the next section of this essay I will try to identify their earlier careers and how those experiences may qualify them to hold office as the President of the United States. Both candidates come from very prestigious educational backgrounds. Obama moved from Honolulu Hawaii to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend the Occidental College. It was there that he made his first ever public speech vocalizing his disdain for the Occidental College’s policy of apartheid pertaining to South Africa. In 1981 he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science and with a focus on international relations, he graduated with a bachelor of arts in 1983. After some years of work at two corporations and a couple more as a community organizer which I will get into later Barack began to attend Harvard Law School in 1988, where he was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review and later became its president, being the first African American to ever do so. In 1991 he graduated with a J. D. magna cum laude. Mitt Romney’s education began at Stanford University in the year of 1965. It was there that he perhaps took his first political stance in his participation in the staging of a counter protest against a group staging a sit in at the university administration building in opposition to draft status tests. Romney left the country to stay in France as a Mormon missionary in 1966; his stay would last for 30 months fulfilling a traditional rite of passage in his family. Though it is not traditional education I feel obligated to state that during this stay in France Romney showed true leadership skills in becoming co-president of his mission where he oversaw the work of 175 others. Upon his return to the States he began attending Brigham Young University in 1969. Due to the culturally conservative nature of BYU Romney naturally managed to stay out of the radical turmoil that came along with the 60’s and 70’s and became president of the all male cougars club booster organization and it was in these years that he showed a new found discipline in his studies that he somewhat lacked before. In 1971 he earned a bachelor of arts in English with highest honors and gave a commencement speech to the whole of BYU. Wanting to pursue a path in business Mitt heeded his father’s advice and put off a career to attend a Juris Doctor/Master of Business Administration four year program coordinated between Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School. He graduated cum laude from this program in 1975. He was named a baker scholar for graduating in the top five percent of his class. Both of these men have incredibly impressive educational accomplishments and worked hard to earn a good social standing and in doing so gained advantageous leads amongst their competitors on their career paths. Our current president began his career In between his attendance at Columbia University and Harvard at the Business International Corporation and then at the New York Public Interest Research Group. Just before entering Harvard he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. During his summers at Harvard he worked in the law offices of Sidley Austin as well as Hopkins & Sutter. After his graduation he accepted a position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book Dreams Of my Father which was published in 1995. From 1992 through 1996 he was a lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, and from 1996 through 2004 he served as senior lecturer teaching constitutional law. Obama continues to show his comfort in a leadership role as he directed Illinois’s Project Vote, which was a voter registration campaign where he oversaw ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars. This project achieved its goal of registering 1500,000 unregistered African American Citizens. In 1993 e also joined the Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland law firm where he specialized in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development. Obama served on board of directors for the Woods Fund of Chicago, and of the Joyce Foundation, which helped to fund the development of underprivileged communities in Chicago. To add to this already astounding list of accomplishments the young Obama would serve as founding president and chairman of the board of directors for the Chicago Annenberg Challenge 1995 to 1999. I would like to note that thus far Barack Obama has proved to show a real sincere care for the development of his community and his race. From 1991 to 2002 he has fought for what he believes is right and through his career choices and political actions has shown himself to be a credible and intelligent young leader. Romney’s early career which is also quite impressive holds just as much esteem as Obama’s and though it follows a different path his accomplishments should also be very highly regarded and held to an esteem just as high as his running mates. Upon his graduation from Harvard in 1975, Romney was recruited by several firms but chose to join the Boston Consulting Group, working as a management consultant for a variety of companies better preparing him for his later roles as a chief executive and further leadership positions. In 1977, he was hired by a management consulting firm in Boston name Bain & Company. The more admirable thing about Bain & Company that should be accredited to Romney’s decision to work there is that instead of just providing quick consulting to a company and then parting soon after he could now completely submerge himself into his clients business and continue to work with them until changes actually began to materialize. This really shows a concern for his clients well being and for the passion of Romney to better the lives of those that surround him. Within just a few years Romney was considered by the firm one their best consultants, and Romney assumed the position of vice president of this firm in 1978. In 1984 Romney left Bain & Company to start the spin off private equity investment firm called Bain Capital. AS CEO of this company he managed to become personally responsible for their success by investing in companies like Staples Inc, Dominoes Pizza, Sealy Corporation, and Sports Authority. Overall both of these men have proven themselves to be outstanding leaders, and in comparison it would seem that Obama is in a mindset that deals with his community and the well being of his race and all of the people he oversees. Romney’s mindset is that of a businessman and he exudes the qualities that a great leader should possess. Both have served terms in office, and before becoming our president Obama was elected an Illinois state senator in 1996. While in office he gained support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws. He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare. In 2005 Barack Obama was sworn in as a U. S. Senator. And in 2008 he became the President of the United States of America. Romney has held office as the 70th governor of Massachusetts in 2003. In conclusion both men are great candidates for presidency and have proven themselves time after time to be successful leaders. It is up to you to decide which one holds a better plan for our future America. Whether you think that we need to focus on our nation’s financial crisis which might be right up Mitt Romney’s ally having done so for states and other businesses so many times before, or if you want America to focus on the well being of minorities, workers, women, and education, which is where Obama might take the reins. It is up to you to decide which would make the better leader when you cast your vote in November.

Earths Temperate, Torrid, and Frigid Climate Zones

Earth's Temperate, Torrid, and Frigid Climate Zones Think about this: depending on what part of the  world you live in, you may  experience  very different  weather and a very different  climate than a fellow weather geek who,  like you, is reading this article right now.   Why We Classify Climate Because weather differs greatly from place to place and time to time,  its unlikely  that  any two places will  experience the same  exact weather or climate. Given the many locations there are worldwide, thats quite a lot of different climates- too many to study one by one! To help make this volume of climate data easier for us to handle, we classify (group them by  similarities) climates.    The first attempt at climate classification was made by the ancient Greeks. Aristotle believed that each of the Earths hemispheres (Northern and Southern)  could be divided into 3 zones: the torrid, temperate, and frigid,  and that Earths five  circles of latitude (the Arctic Circle (66.5 ° N), Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 ° S), Tropic of Cancer (23.5 ° N), equator (0 °), and Antarctic Circle (66.5 ° S)) divided one  from another.   Because these climate zones are classified based on  latitude- a geographic coordinate- theyre also known as the  geographic zones. The Torrid Zone   Because Aristotle believed the regions centered around the equator were too hot to be inhabited, he dubbed them the torrid zones. We know them today as the Tropics. Both share the equator as one of their boundaries; in addition, the northern torrid zone extends to the Tropic of Cancer, and the southern, to the Tropic of Capricorn. The Frigid Zone   The frigid zones are the coldest regions on  Earth.  They are summerless and generally covered with ice and snow.   Since these are  located at  Earths poles, each is  only bound by a single line of latitude: the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere. The Temperate Zone In between the torrid and frigid zones  lie the temperate zones, which have  features of both of the other  two. In the Northern Hemisphere, the temperate zone is bound  by the Tropic of Cancer and the  Arctic Circle. In the Southern Hemisphere, it extends from the Tropic of Capricorn  to the Antarctic Circle.  Known for its  four seasons- winter, spring, summer, and fall- , it  is  considered to be the climate of the Middle Latitudes.   Aristotle vs. Kà ¶ppen   Few other attempts were made at classifying climate until the beginning of the 20th century, when German climatologist Wladimir Kà ¶ppen developed a tool for presenting the world pattern of climates: the Kà ¶ppen climate classification.  Ã‚   While  Kà ¶ppens system is the best-known and most widely accepted of the two systems, Aristotles idea wasnt far wrong in theory. If Earths surface was completely homogeneous, the map of world climates would very much resemble that theorized by the Greeks; however,  because Earth isnt a homogeneous sphere, their classification is considered too simplistic.    Aristotles 3 climate zones  are still used today when generalizing the overall weather and climate  of a large swath  of latitudes.

Animals Shouldnt Be Kept in Zoos Essay Example for Free

Animals Shouldn’t Be Kept in Zoos Essay The social network, Facebook is unnecessary worldwide for people under the age of 18 because there many people who are being exposed to atrocities through Facebook. If you are under the age of 18 you also have high risk of becoming prevalent to cyber bulling and many people under this age are not taking action when they are being bullied or when they view it; and a large percentage of people that use Facebook are under the legal age. Facebook is the worst social networking site for internet trolling, and bullying is now more prevalent online than anywhere else. Research has stated (daily mail. com, Damien Gayle, 2013) that 87 per cent of teenagers who reported cyber abuse said they were targeted on Facebook. Facebook is the worst social networking site for internet trolling, and bullying is now more online than anywhere else. Bullying on-line continues to be a serious problem for a huge number of teenagers and we cannot ignore its often devastating and tragic effects. When teenagers are bullied many of them try to hide it and decide not to tell anyone. Research states that this is mainly because they scared, nervous, don’t want to be teased or don’t want to act as if it is a problem. Emma-Jane Cross, CEO and founder of the charity BeatBullying, said many young people were suffering because of cyber bulling in silence. However, hundreds of young people are being cyber-bullied or trolled so badly that it can lead to depression, truancy, self-harm, or even force them to contemplate or attempt suicide. This is a real problem Around 7. 5 million (out of the 20 million on Facebook) are under the legal age of 13. Even more troubling, more than five million Facebook users were 10 years old or younger, and they were allowed to use Facebook largely without parental supervision leaving them vulnerable to threats ranging from malware to sexual predators. It is absolutely inconceivable that a pre-teen would have the ability or patience to go through the existing maze of settings to be able to make their Facebook account private enough to ensure protection from unwanted approaches, spam and exploitation of their personal pictures and content. In saying this, so many people are using Facebook and are posting private picture, addresses and birth date. A study shows Schools, teachers and cyber safety experts, are trying very hard to educate teens about their longer term digital identity and online behaviour. But again, as my previous post suggests, it appears that many parents are simply not taking responsibility for their children’s online behaviour. Some seem unaware of the potential online dangers that their children can face daily. This can be partly due to schools not publicizing the constant stream of incidents. Or maybe it’s because their own children are keeping quiet even when harassed for fear of being banned and ostracised by their peers. Animals Shouldn’t Be Kept in Zoos. (2016, Dec 12).

Choosing Childs Sex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Choosing Childs Sex - Essay Example In this research paper, I will try to give reason to the possible ethical issues that arise from the likelihood parents to be able to choose the sex of their children. The scope of this research paper will try to determine what is the ethical pros and cons in dealing with child sex selection. Whether desirable practice for medical, cultural, social or demographic reasons prohibiting or allowing it by law will likely result in producing harm for the given nation. There are ethical reasons that I will present in this paper - namely the genetic predisposition of female or male fetus to be born with anomalies. These arguments are plausible. The unethical ones go as far as altering the sex ration, further devaluing women and creating social imbalance. It will be further argued whether families having 2 or more children from the same sex will be permitted to keep the balance of their offspring by prenatal sex selection. It will be discussed whether couples have reproductive rights and how they can be infringed and violated. The consequences of forbidding or permitting child sex selection vary considerably from society to society and from individual to individual. Statistical data also varies between North America, Europe and Asian countries - India and China, in particular. Logically a comparison is impossible to be deduction about the child sex selection, because the social, cultural and economic factors that exist in India and Chine for a strong preference for son will be never prevalent and almost absent in Europe and North America. There are four major arguments which oppose sex selection methods: Such practices devaluate either one of the sexes; It reinforces the social attitudes and discriminate against girl/boy preferences; Women are struggling whether to choose abortion of the fetus if it is not from the desired sex or to give birth and kill it; It creates demographic imbalance in the sex ration. Since the introduction of the first sex selection clinic in Europe which happened around 1990, the interests, debates and even hostility surround these procedures. Often the hatred is generated and voiced by media and certain pressure groups, most likely religious organizations or professional bodies (Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), 1993a). The public is struck by ethical and emotional concern and people have extremely polarized opinions - positive or negative. There are those who demand complete freedom to choose the sex of their children and those who express total disagreement and prohibition of prenatal sex selection which is not done in case of medical reasons. The main objections for sex selection come due to the demographic statistics in countries such as China, Korea and India, where the culture requires a sex preference due to the family policies restrictions. Population Reports (1994) shows that in some of the Asian countries as well as in the Middle East, boys are highly valued for religious, cultural, economic and hereditary purposes. The widespread practice of abortion or infanticide in case of female fetus suggests that the possibility to select the sex of the child in advance will further

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Solar radiation enter the blanket due to shortwave nature but unable to escape trough the blanket due to long water nature after reflecting through the surface of earth. However, as the concentration of the green house gases in the atmosphere increased due to the immense usage of fossil fuel resources, the part of the solar radiation that makes a safe escape to the space is unable to escape to the space. Thus, the temperature of the planet is increasing continuously. The phenomenon is often termed as global warming. It is estimated that estimated that between 1906 and 2005, the average temperature of the earth’s surface rose by about 0.74 °C (Hoyt & Schatten, 1993). Global warming was a term that was first used in 1975 by an American scientist â€Å"Wallace Smith Broecker† who discovered the climate of the earth is warming consistently due to various human caused problems. He published a paper in a magazine that he named â€Å"Are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming?† where he first coined the term. In 1979, the term is used to depict the physical phenomenon that is heating up the planet. The article was published by National academy of Science and titles it as, â€Å"The Charney Report† (Yukozimo, 2014). Ozone Layer is a region of dense gases is the stratosphere of the earth that is capable of blocking most of the harmful solar Ultra violet radiations. Ozone layer has higher concentration of ozone as compared to the earth’s surface. More than 90% of ozone is present in the stratosphere of earth. Other atmospheric gases are also there in the earth’s stratosphere. Due to the increasing concentration of the refrigerants, solvents and propellants in the atmosphere, the ozone layer is under depletion with the rate of 4% per decade. Man made chemicals like halocarbons, CFCs, HCFCs, freons,  halons are influencing the ozone depletion. The depletion of the ozone layer is promoting the global

Expansion of an Irish College IBAT into Mexico Essay

Expansion of an Irish College IBAT into Mexico - Essay Example Strategic and operational management are linked with each other. Strategic management aims to provide direction, guidance and boundaries of operational management (Steiner, 1997, p.4). Therefore Strategic planning is the process of developing and maintaining a strategic fit in between the organizations capabilities and goals along with the changing marketing opportunities (Kotler, 2008, p.34). The project report is about the expansion of an Irish Collage ‘IBAT’ in Mexico. Thus for this reason PESTEL analysis is carried out to understand the macro environment of Mexico, along with an analysis is conducted upon the education sector of Mexico. When a brand move into a new place it has to face cultural difference which needs to be tackle properly and for which human resource team needs to work effectively so that the business and the employees can adapt to the new culture and environment. Thus IBAT can take the opportunity of the growing education sector of Mexico and add to its advantage. Macro Environment The Macro environment consists of framework, PESTEL. The PESTEL framework aims to categories the environmental influences into six main types which include political, economical factors, social, technological factors, environmental and legal factors. It is essential for mangers to understand the key drivers of change and also the impact of these factors on market, industries and also on individual organization (Johnson, 2008, p.65). Political factors: The basis of Mexican politics lies in the context of modernizing the elements. With the above context certain ongoing trends have appeared in the recent years such as modernization of politics and anchoring of democracy. Regional politics is widely dominated by the local entrenched strongmen who often tend to represent families who have been powerful during the colonial times (Klepak, 2008, p.3). But the country faces some political risk which is based on many possibilities. The first and foremost risk arises from terrorism and drug violence, corruption, congressional Stalemate and Guerrilla activity and sabotage. Therefore, the above factors may put an immense risk on the political condition of Mexico (Schtulmann, 2010). Economical factors: Mexico is ranked as an upper middle income country by the World Bank. In Mexico poverty is widespread, about 44% of the Mexican population lives below the poverty line. The economy of Mexico grew by 5% in 2010 after a recession experienced by the Mexican in 2009 during the phase of global economic crisis. The country’s tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was about 17.5% during the recession which was recorded the lowest among the OECD members. Mexico is among the popular tourist destinations across the globe. It has attracted about 21.3 million tourists in 2010 and has become the tenth most popular tourist destination. Thus tourism has contributed to the economy of the country and has recorded about $11.8billion (US State Department, 20 11). Social Factors: Mexico is one of the most populous Spanish countries in the world. About 76% of the Mexican people live in the urban area. The population of Mexico City is about 22million making it one of the largest concentration of population in Western Hemisphere. Mexico has been able to made significant changes in education sector and the literacy rates over the past few decade have decreased drastically. According to a report of World Bank, enrollment at the primary level is universal and more amounts of children are completing their primary education. Technological Factors: The future of Mexican population depends largely on the utilization of knowledge so that the country is able to meet the economic,

The application of systems theory

The application of systems theory The Application Of Systems Theory To a Case Study Introduction The following case study will detail an intervention with a 32-year old service user who was referred with a range of presenting issues and needs. It was apparent that a complex array of family, social and agency networks existed, indicating that the focus of any intervention would necessitate the addressing of these various components and their role in the service user’s functioning. It was decided that employing systems theory would be the most efficacious approach in managing the service user’s needs. General systems theory was first proposed by von Bertalanffy (1968) as a universal theory of the organisation of parts into wholes. A system was defined as â€Å"a complex of interacting elements†. Although this paradigm was initially applied to the physical world (mathematics, biochemistry, etc), it was adopted by the therapeutic community in order to formulate an understanding of systems comprising individuals and organisations. Some of the ideas and concepts systems theory has brought to the field include: Families and other social groups are systems having properties which are more than the sum of the properties of their parts. Every system has a boundary, the properties of which are important in understanding how the system works. Changes within systems can occur, or be stimulated, in various ways. Communication and feedback mechanisms between the parts of a system are important in the functioning of the system. Events such as the behaviour of individuals in a family are better understood as examples of circular causality, rather than as being based on linear causality. Systems are made up of subsystems (e.g. parental, marital, siblings) which are themselves parts of larger suprasystems (e.g. extended family, the neighbourhood, hospital). (Beckett, 1973). The service user was a 32-year old male of Afro-Caribbean origins, with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder dating back to his early teens. He had been residing in a semi-secure forensic unit for more than two years and was detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. In terms of family history, he had been conceived through rape and fostered by distant relatives in Trinidad. Upon the death of his foster mother, his natural mother arranged for him to leave Trinidad and enter the UK. Shortly after this, he became involved with the mental health system and the criminal justice system. Subsequently, his mother had refused all contact with him and would not engage with any of his care. The sole family contact had been his maternal grandmother. A genogram is a useful adjunct within assessment and treatment when utilising systems theory (e.g. Guerin and Pendagast, 1976), in that it gives a concise graphic summary of the composition of the systems surrounding an individual. A genogram depicting DE’s particular systems was prepared and is illustrated in Figure 1. Within the genogram, DE’s familial relationships are illustrated, showing the existing subsystem with his maternal grandmother. Other subsystems include, DE’s relationships with the criminal justice system, mental health services and with myself, his social worker. With regard to using systems theory in my assessment and intervention of DE, this would encompass developing a hypothesis concerning the nature of the relationships DE has with aspects of his system and how this impacts upon his functioning. In addition, circular questioning would be employed to test this hypothesis and promote change (e.g. Selvini Palazzoli, Cechin, Prata and Boscolo, 1980a). Each of DE’s presenting needs will be explored within the context of his wider system and the methodology inherent to systems theory employed in my intervention. Figure 1: A genogram of DE’s case. The Referral DE was a statutory referral which was accompanied by a challenge from his legal representatives to the local authority, claiming that they had failed in their duties towards DE as he was medically fit for discharge and did not need to be detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. Although discharge from Section 3 was agreed, no plans were presented to the mental health tribunal by the local authority regarding the arrangement of appropriate accommodation. From the perspective of the social worker, plans were therefore required to implement Section 117 and organise appropriate after care and accommodation. In order to do this, it was necessary to identify DE’s wishes and preferences as far as possible, in addition to managing any risk perceived by the multidisciplinary team and the mental health tribunal. A transfer CPA to the community team was organised in order to maintain DE in the community and facilitate his recovery. Adhering to the notion of â€Å"goodness of f it†, inherent to systems theory (Payne, 2002), that is enhancing the match between the individual and their environment, ways of developing, maintaining or strengthening supportive interventions and reducing, challenging or replacing stressful systems were explored. Assessment An assessment of DE’s presenting needs was conducted in order to formulate a hypothesis based upon the information available which would then provide a starting point and guide to subsequent interventions. According to Selvini Palazzoli et al. (1980a), a hypothesis is â€Å"neither true, nor false, but more or less useful†. Therefore, it was important to maintain this stance when considering the circumstances surrounding DE’s case. By seeking information from DE and others within his system, I was able to obtain as many perspectives as possible and construct an understanding, or story, as to how he had come to be â€Å"stuck† and enable him to move in a more helpful direction. Both DE and the multidisciplinary team involved in his care agreed that he required 24 hour residential care, as previous supported accommodation had not been able to facilitate his needs and he had relapsed, leading to his admission to hospital under section. Additional presenting concerns reported by DE included an impoverished family support network and poor finances. Drug and alcohol misuse were also evident, acknowledged by DE and verified by a positive test for cocaine. DE’s keyworker recounted how DE frequently disengaged with him and displayed challenging behaviour, including breaking rules of the care home and absconding. Indicators of relapse described by staff included a preoccupation with insect infestation, delusions of the devil attacking him and homophobic fears of male staff sexually assaulting him. In addition, non-compliance with his care plan was recognised as a precursor to relapse. Using circular questions to derive new information about DE’s situation and the interconnectedness of the system’s components, a pattern emerged which suggested possible indicators of relapse. A principal feature of circularity is the capacity of the therapist to consider feedback from the systems involved and to invite each part of the system to relate their perspectives of other subsystems, thereby metacommunicating (Selvini Palazzoli et al. 1980a; Byng-Hall, 1988; Cecchin, 1987). Further crucial principles of circularity are asking about specific behaviours that occur, rather than feelings or interpretations and ranking behaviours in order to highlight differences (Barker, 1998; Dallos and Draper, 2000). So, for example, DE’s keyworker was asked: â€Å"what does DE do when he breaks the rules in the house†, â€Å"when you believe DE is relapsing, how do you know? What does he say or do?†, â€Å"who is most worried about DE using drugs/alcohol?â € . Similarly, DE was asked such questions as: â€Å"when you abscond from the care home, who is most concerned? †¦ and then who?†, â€Å"when you are worried about the devil attacking you, what do you do?†, â€Å"what would your keyworker say was most important for you to get sorted out?†. A specific use of circular questioning is to define the problem (Bentovim and Bingley Miller, 2002). Hence, members of DE’s system, including his key worker, other multidisciplinary team workers, available family members and DE himself were questioned as to â€Å"what is the problem? What do you think DE/keyworker/etc would say is the problem? Who agrees with DE? Who disagrees? Who is it most a problem for?† etc. Such information served to enrich the hypothesis that was being formulated of DE’s needs. Over time, a systemic hypothesis evolved which incorporated the role of impaired family functioning and an early sense of abandonment by DE’s natural mother combined with the loss of his secondary, foster mother contributing to the development of a schizoaffective disorder. A further contributing factor may have been DE’s move to the UK following his bereavement and the sense of confusion and alienation this may have instilled. A pre-existing vulnerability to his mental health problems may have been activated by DE’s use of drugs and alcohol, possibly his coping mechanism to manage the previously described stressors. In terms of DE’s behaviour within his care home, it would be important to consider physiological factors many of the concerns reported. The literature associated with schizoaffective disorders has suggested that the onset of the illness can produce cognitive deficits, including memory impairment, planning, social judgement and insight (Randolph, Goldberg and Weinberger, in Heilman Valenstein, 1993; James and Murray, 1991). These deficits, combined with the lack of family support and underlying psychological issues, could have resulted in the issues with compliance and rule-breaking reported by the professionals involved in DE’s care. However, within a systemic approach, it is important to consider the dynamic interplay between the individual and the various components of their system when conceptualising the problem. In DE’s case, it appeared that the effects of his drug and alcohol use and of rejection issues had not been fully considered by staff at the care home and therefore the consequences of these had been able to escalate into relapse. Furthermore, it may have been that an over-critical attitude towards DE prevailed within his care home, as has been described in the concept of expressed emotion (Leff, 1994). This has generally been reported as existing within the families of those with schizoaffective disorders and is thought to represent deficits in communication and overinvolvement. The function of the problem is also a vital element within a systemic formulation (Reder and Fredman, 1996; Bilson and Ross, 1999) and in DE’s case his presenting issues appeared to represent both a communication of internal conflicts (loss, abandonment, etc) and as a solution to the problem perceived by him as inappropriate accommodation. Thus, his behaviour could be conceptualised as an attempt to resolve both internal and external discordance. However, clearly DE’s perceived solution only served to escalate and maintain the essential difficulty, that of his lack of engagement with help and disruptive behaviour. Intervention There were various strands to my intervention with DE, within which I attempted to address the issues outlined in the above hypotheses. Initially, the issue of accommodation was addressed. In concordance with a systemic approach, DE’s needs and preferences, as well as opinions derived from members of the multi-disciplinary team, were matched with available accommodation. Three suitable placements were identified which were concomitant with the needs identified in DE’s care plan, that is: 24 hour residential accommodation with staff to supervise his medication, encourage independent living skills and monitor his activities and behaviour to identify relapse indicators. DE’s opinions on the three potential placements were sought and a decision reached on the most suitable. In view of DE’s history of lack of engagement with keyworkers, it was felt that regular meetings with his care co-ordinator would be vital in exploring his concerns and potential barriers t o compliance with his care plan. The use of circular questioning could be usefully extended in such meetings, in reframing DE’s perception of his concerns and enabling him to recognising the effects of his behaviour on himself and others. Specific aspects of DE’s presenting problems were managed by referral to appropriate agencies, thus widening his system of support. For the substance misuse reported he was referred to a drug and alcohol worker. A referral to psychological services was made to address his rejection and bereavement issues. The involvement of DE’s grandmother and uncle was also an integral part of discussing his difficulties and it was postulated that at some point in the future, systemic family therapy might be helpful in providing some cohesion to DE’s family structure and enabling communication with this part of his system. Once the initial concerns had been addressed, my role turned towards care management and a reasonable price for the accommodation was negotiated, along with the development of a comprehensive care plan which was presented to the agency’s funding panel. The funding was agreed and a discharge and transfer of care CPA was arranged. Throughout the ensuing discussions of plans, DE’s opinions were sought. In order to best meet the needs identified and ensure an optimal rehabilitation programme, DE’s care plan incorporated day care activities, psychological and community forensic input. In accordance with the principles of a systems intervention, a non-judgemental stance was maintained throughout (Goldenberg and Goldenberg, 2004) and the notion of partnership was promoted (Dallos and Draper, 2000). Additionally, the strategy of facilitating sustained change whilst not being an expert about the system was adopted (Fleurida, 1986), although this presented certain challenges as will be discussed in the following sections. In terms of implementing DE’s placement, it was agreed that a gradual transfer which allowed him to adjust to the new setting would ameliorate his opportunities for rehabilitation. Therefore, overnight stays and extended stays for a week prior to discharge were arranged. Initially, difficulties were experienced with DE’s compliance with some house rules and I arranged a meeting with DE and the house manager in order to discuss and negotiate these in order to prevent a breakdown of the placement. Once more, circular questions were used to elucidate the problem and identify possible routes for change. For example, DE was asked, â€Å"when you don’t comply with this rule, who is most upset?† and â€Å"what prevents you sticking to the rules?†. The house manager was asked questions such as, â€Å"What does DE do instead of sticking to the rules?† and â€Å"what reasons do you think he has for not complying?†. Consequently, specific barrier s and obstacles were identified and it was possible to negotiate a way in which DE could assert his individuality within the placement setting, whilst behaving in ways which were acceptable to staff and other residents. Thus, the â€Å"fit† between DE and this particular system was enhanced. Review and Ending During my work with DE a dynamic, fluid hypothesis was formed which was based on systemic principles, in that it was circular, addressed relationships, was expressed in terms of what people do and believe rather than what they are and included all members of the system (Reder, 1983). The hypothesis was continually monitored and reframed during the intervention phase, which facilitated change and enabled new perspectives and solutions to be considered. Other parts of DE’s system were also modified by posing circular questions as they allowed the various professionals and agencies involved to consider how helpful or unhelpful the strategies they employed to manage the exigencies of DE’s case were and to gain different perspectives. It is important to note that this approach is distinct from merely providing instruction or information, in that it facilitates change through the process of thinking and reasoning. The initial focus of intervention – to provide appropriate accommodation – was successfully completed. This was rendered smoother by the gradual transition to his new setting. By the end of the intervention, I believe that DE was able to engage in a more useful way with the various components of his system and was more settled in his placement as a result. Reports from the house manager and other professionals also indicated that this was the case. Referrals to other agencies (psychology and drug and alcohol services) which comprised a vital component of the intervention, enabled an expansion of DE’s systems and the meeting of previously unconsidered needs. His progress with these agencies was ongoing. DE’s engagement with community forensic services was valuable in gaining further perspectives into his care. Discussion Within systems theory, the questions themselves form a substantial part of the intervention (Tomm, 1988), as they are believed to lead towards a constructive change in the problematic experiences and behaviours of service users. In addition, questions constitute a much stronger invitation for users to become engaged in a conversation and process than do statements, instructions of information and provides stimulation to think through problems alone, thus promoting autonomy and a sense of personal achievement (Payne, 2002). In continually seeking the views of DE and perspectives from other parts of his system, it was possible to create a clearer picture of the characteristics of the problem and to foster a sense of ownership on the part of DE. That is, because he felt part of the process of change, he would be more likely to feel comfortable with its parameters. A further part of promoting DE’s compliance with his care plan was to use positive connotation, another important principle of systems theory (O’Brian and Bruggen, 1985). Positively connoting DE’s behaviour consisted not only in reinforcing and praising his attempts to change, but also in acknowledging that his problem behaviour was serving to express his dissatisfaction with the situation he was in. An important aspect of intervention therefore was to communicate an understanding of how things had come to be the way they were. Only through doing this was it possible to challenge the existing belief system, suggesting new an d different definitions of relationships. Therefore, by acknowledging the pain of DE’s abandonment by his mother with a referral to a psychologist, it enabled him to explore a different way of interacting with this part of his system. Similarly, by considering the role of drugs and alcohol in mediating his distress and enabling him to cope with his situation, other means of coping were explored. The use of systems theory was congruent with mental health policy guidance for CPA in that it was person focused, involved all relevant agencies and required a recognition of needs in order to facilitate the movement of service users through CPA. The identification of unmet needs in DE’s case, as well as involving multiple agencies was crucial in managing his care effectively. As DE was on enhanced CPA, it was important to consider multiple care needs and to recognise that he was more likely to disengage with care. Once more, a holistic assessment and a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, multi-agency plan which encapsulated his wider system was necessary. Systems theory requires strategic thinking about the possibilities and limitations for change in the different systems affecting the user’s environment, as well as an understanding of the possibilities for intervention in each system (deShazer, 1982; Penn, 1982), therefore considering DE’s behaviour in specific settings and with specific individuals and agencies was a useful strategy. In addition, possessing an understanding of the possibilities for intervention within each system enabled me to think creatively about different courses of action and potential outcomes (Byng_Hall, 1988). Review and Evaluation In general, systems theory was a useful tool in working with DE, in that its principles guided many aspects of the assessment and intervention towards a beneficial outcome. The basic tenets of systems theory, of being respectful of all perspectives and attempting to empower the service user to implement change, are congruent with the CPA model of working. However, the principle of maintaining neutrality (i.e. forging an alignment with all parts of the system) and a non-judgemental, non expert stance (Selvini Palazzoli et al. 1980a; Fleurida, 1986) proved to be more challenging. As DE’s care co-ordinator it could be expected that a greater alliance would be formed with him and also that I would possess, in this role, information and knowledge pertaining to a variety of issues, such as financial assistance available to him. Clearly in this case, I was unable to maintain a non-expert stance. Furthermore, being non-judgemental in relation to all DE’s presenting needs (for e xample, his drug and alcohol misuse) was very difficult and whilst my approach could encompass the evolution of a shared understanding of this behaviour, ultimately the negative impact on DE’s mental health and stability of his placement would need to be acknowledged. Therefore, it could be said that there was a juxtaposition between CPA care management and using systems theory. However, it was possible to separate the two aspects of my role with DE and apply systems theory accordingly. In terms of what I would do differently, I believe that a greater involvement of DE’s family would have been beneficial in order to assist him in constructing a different story or narrative around his history, which would have enriched his and perhaps others’ understanding of why problems were presenting themselves. Applying systems theory to a service user such as DE, who may have the cognitive deficits previously described, raises some important ethical issues. Firstly, regarding the ability to give consent to such an approach being employed and to the seeking of perspectives from other parts of the system, such as family members and other workers. The potentially harmful influence of labels has been described in the literature of systems theory (e.g. Benson, Long and Sporakowski), however the use of labels such as â€Å"schizoaffective† and â€Å"enhanced CPA† would seem unavoidable when working within a multidisciplinary team which necessitates communicating with equivalent language. However, the use of systems theory creates space for thinking about the meaning and impact of these labels and is, therefore, at the very least a valuable and functional adjunct to the repertoire of strategies for managing complex cases. Summary and Conclusion The work carried out with DE attempted to illustrate how individuals function as a part of many systems – they are affected by these systems and they, in turn, affect the systems. I believe that the circular nature of DE’s presenting issues and needs was highlighted effectively and the intervention took into consideration this dynamic interchange and the consequences that changes in one part of a system will have for other parts. Fundamentally, I have learned that many problems arise due to a mismatch between individuals and the systems of which they are a part and the role of a social worker is to enhance the fit between the individual and the systems affecting them. References Barker, P., 1998. Basic Family Therapy, 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beckett, J.A., 1973. General Systems theory, psychiatry and psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 23, pp. 292-305. Benson, M.J; Long, J.K. and Sporakowski, M.J., 1992. Teaching psychopathology and the DSM-III R from a family systems therapy perspective. Family Relations, 41 (2), pp. 135-140. Bentovim, A. and Bingley Miller, L., 2002. The Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Difficulties. London: Pavillion. Bertalanffy, L. von, 1968. General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Application. New York: Braziller. Bilson, A. and Ross, S., 1999. A history of systems ideas in social work. In, Social Work Management and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2nd Edition. Byng-Hall, J., 1988. Scripts and legends in families and family therapy. Family Process, 27, pp. 167-179. Cecchin, G., 1987. Hypothesizing, circularity and neutrality revisited: an invitation to curiosity. Family Process, 26, pp. 405-413. Dallos, R. and Draper, R., 2000. An Introduction to Family Therapy. Buckingham: Open University Press. de Shazer, I., 1982. Patterns of Brief Family Therapy: An Ecosystemic Approach. New York: Guildford Press. Fleurida, C. et al., 1986. The evolution of circular questions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 12 (2), pp. 112-127. Goldenberg, I. and Goldenberg, H. , 2004. Family Therapy: An Overview, 6th Edition. London: Brooks/Cole. Guerin, P.J. and Pendagast, E.G., 1976. Evaluation of family system and genogram. In, P.J. Guerin, ed. Family Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. James, P. and Murray, R.M., 1991. The genetics of schizophrenia is the genetics of neurodevelopment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, pp. 615-623. Leff, J., 1994. Working with the families of schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (suppl. 23), pp. 71-76. O’Brian, C. and Bruggen, P., 1985. Our personal and professional lives: learning positive connotation and circular questioning. Family Prcess, 24, pp. 311-322. Payne, M., 2002. Systems and Ecological Perspectives. In, Modern Social Work Theory, 3rd Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Penn, P., 1982. Circular questioning. Family Process, 21, pp. 267-280. Randolph, C., Goldberg, T.E. and Weinberger, D.R., 1993. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. In, K.M. Heilman and E. Valenstein, eds. Clinical Neuropsychology, 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reder, P., 1983. Disorganised families and the helping professions: â€Å"Who’s in charge of what?†. Journal of Family Therapy, 5, pp. 23-36. Reder, P. and Fredman, G., 1996. The relationship to help: interacting beliefs about the treatment process. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1 (3), pp. 457-467. Selvini Palazzoli, M.S., Cechin, G., Prata, G. and Boscolo, L., 1980a. Hypothesising-Circularity-Neutrality. Three guidelines for the conductor of the session. Family Process, 19 (1), pp. 3-12. Selvini Palazzoli, M., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G. and Prata, G., 1980b. The problem of the referring person. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 6, pp. 3-9. Tomm, K., 1988. Interventive interviewing: part III. Intending to ask lineal, circular, strategic or reflexive questions. Family Process, 27, pp. 1-15. Reflective Diary Analysis I applied the theory of psychoanalysis to the practice situation in order to explore underlying issues which had made ME so dependent upon her partner, JM. This appeared appropriate as it would provide an opportunity to gain information about any past experiences which had contributed to her present state, in particular, the nature and origin of her anxieties and fears. Uncovering this information would then inform my practice with ME and JM and provide structure to any intervention. The overall purpose of psychoanalysis derives from the Freudian assumption that psychopathology develops when people remain unaware of their true motivations and fears and they can be restored to healthy functioning only by becoming conscious of what has been repressed (Bower, 2005). Freud believed that the unconscious conflicts he uncovered – in dreams, in memory lapses, in neurotic symptoms – always referred to certain critical events in the individual’s early life. His observations of his patients led him to conclude that all human beings experience a largely similar sequence of significant emotional events in their early lives and that it is this childhood past that shapes their present (Freud, 1905). Although Freud cautioned against the use of psychoanalysis in schizophrenia, as he believed that sufferers of schizophrenia had regressed to a state of â€Å"primary narcissism†, a phase early in the oral stage before the ego has differentiated from the id (Freud, 1905), more contemporary psychoanalysts have adopted a different approach. Primarily followers of Melanie Klein, they have taken the position that the schizoid position, or splitting between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† objects, was a normal stage of development and that schizophrenia was the late consequence of not negotiating this stage properly (Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970). Thus, the flow of unconscious material (e.g. delusions, hallucinations and thought disorder) were actively encouraged, explored and participated in. In ME’s case, a formulation of her presenting issues included the role of specific anxieties and fears. Anxiety has been conceptualised psychodynamically as a state of helplessness and â€Å"psychic pain†, which results from the perceived discrepancies between one’s ideal self (or ego ideal) and one’s actual self (Freud, 1926, cited in Brown and Pedder, 1991). These painful discrepancies cannot then be easily assimilated into our conscious view of ourselves and the world because of the anxiety they arouse and the consequence is a â€Å"defence mechanism† activated to subdue this psychic pain. Using open-ended questions with ME, such as â€Å"how are you feeling?† and allowing her to respond freely revealed a little of her state of mind, ie. â€Å"very low, always tired and very sad†. It was interesting to note ME’s partner, JM’s, explanation of ME’s low mood, â€Å"the weather†, a subject he had mentioned at the outset of the encounter. This may indicate an attempt to avoid, or defend against, speaking of difficult issues and furthermore, may represent his own coping strategy. Further questions to elicit ME’s emotional state included â€Å"has it made a difference?† (regarding the use of anti-depressants) and â€Å"how do you feel about quitting smoking?† An inherent principle of psychoanalysis is the use of transference and countertransference within any clinical encounter (Casement, 1985; Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970). Transference is the conveyance of past feelings, conflicts and beliefs into present relationships and situations, spe